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Human Development and Sustainable Development: Approaches & Report

April 5, 2024 765 0

Introduction

Process of enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being rather than simply the richness of the economy in which human beings live; 4 Pillars: Equity, Sustainability, Productivity, Empowerment.

Approaches to Human Development

  • Income Approach: The level of income reflects the level of freedom an individual enjoys.
  • Welfare Approach:  People are not participants in development but only passive recipients
    • The government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximizing expenditure on welfare.
  • Basic Needs Approach: The question of human choices is ignored, and the emphasis is on the provision of basic needs of defined sections; 
    • Six Basic Needs: Health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing.
  • Capability Approach: Associated with Prof. Amartya Sen; Building human capabilities in the areas of health, education and access to resources is the key to increasing human development.
  • Human capital considers education and health as a means to increase labour productivity; treats human beings as a means to an end; the end being the increase in productivity. [UPSC 2018]
  • Human development is based on the idea that education and health are integral to human well-being; human beings are treated ends in themselves.

 

Demographic Condition at the time of Independence

  • The first census in British India was conducted in 1881.Subsequent census operations occurred every ten years.
  • Overall literacy was below 16%, with female literacy at a particularly low seven percent.
  • Infant mortality rate: 218 per thousand births.
  • Life expectancy was low at 32 years.
  • Human Development Report: Published by UNDP annually based on 5 indices: 
    • Human Development Index (HDI) 
    • HDI adjusted for inequality. 
    • Gender Development Index (GDI). 
    • Gender Inequality Index (GII). 
    • Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
  • UNDP Human Development Index
  • Dimensions
    • Health of people
    • Education attainment
    • Standard of living.  
  • Indicators
    • Life expectancy at birth (SDG 3)
    • Expected years of Schooling (SDG 4.3)
    • Mean years of Schooling (SDG 4.4)
    • GNI per capita (SDG 8.5)
  • Gender Development Index: Countries are divided into five groups by absolute deviation from gender parity in HDI values.
    • Group 1: Countries with high equality in HDI [Norway, Ireland, Sweden etc.]
    • Group 2: Comprises countries with medium to high equality in HDI [Germany, Switzerland etc]
    • Group 3: Comprises countries with medium equality in HDI [Korea, UAE, Nepal, Congo, Zimbabwe etc.]
    • Group 4: Comprises countries with medium to low equality in HDI [Turkey, Bahrain, Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh etc.]
    • Group 5: Comprises countries with low equality in HDI [Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, Lebanon, Pakistan etc.]
Gender Inequality Index  Global Gender Gap Index Gender Parity Index
UNDP WEF UNESCO
Uses 3 dimensions

  • Reproductive Health
  • Empowerment 
  • Labor Market Participation
Dimensions

  • Economy
  • Education
  • Health
  • Political Representation.
The ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education 

World Happiness Report

  • Annual report published by the United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN).
  • Evaluation Factor: GDP Per Capita, Personal Freedom, Social Support, Generosity, Healthy Life Expectancy, Levels of Corruption.
  • Human Capital Project (World Bank
    • Components: Human Capital Index (HCI); Measurement and research to inform policy action; Countries Engagement.
  • Human Capital index: Seek to measure the amount of human capital that a child born today can expect to attain by age 18; Has three components: 
    • Survival: As measured by under-5 mortality rates 
    • Expected years of Quality-Adjusted School: which combines information on the quantity and quality of education
    • Health environment: Using two parameters of adult survival rates and rate of stunting for children under age 5.
    • Morbidity: Proneness to fall ill.
  • Capital Output Ratio (COR) [UPSC 2018]: COR is a measure of capital required for producing one unit of output. 
    • If the capital-output ratio is high, then capital formation may not result in a significant increase in the output.
    • To obtain full benefits of the demographic dividend, India should invest in skill development. [UPSC  2018]
  • With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, jobs of ‘ASHA’, a trained community health worker is: [UPSC 2012]
    • Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care check-up.
    • Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy.
    • Providing information on nutrition and immunization.
  • Janani Suraksha Yojana Programme endeavors to promote institutional deliveries; 
    • 100 % centrally sponsored scheme that integrates cash assistance with delivery and post delivery care. [UPSC 2012]

Sustainable Development

  • Definition: Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
  • 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future. 
  • United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20): Rio+20 held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012, Member States adopted the outcome document “The Future We Want” in which they decided, inter alia, to launch a process to develop a set of SDGs to build upon the MDGs and to establish the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
    • Also included additional measures to promote sustainable development, such as directives for future initiatives in development financing, support for small island developing states, etc.
  • Post-2015 Development Agenda: The General Assembly began the negotiation process on the post-2015 development agenda in January 2015. 
    • The process culminated in the subsequent adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with 17 SDGs at its core, at the UN Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015.

Sustainable Development Goals 2030: 

  • 17 goals and 169 specific targets to be achieved by 2030.
  • SDG 1: No Poverty
  • SDG 2: Zero Hunger
  • SDG 3: Good health and wellbeing
  • SDG 4: Quality Education
  • SDG 5: Gender Equality
  • SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation 
  • SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy 
  • SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth 
  • SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure 
  • SDG 10: Reduced inequalities
  • SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities
  • SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production 
  • SDG 13: Climate action
  • SDG 14: Life below water 
  • SDG 15: Life on land 
  • SDG 16: Peace, justice, and strong institutions
  • SDG 17: Partnerships for the goals
  • SDG Index: NITI AAYOG
    • Based on their performances, states and UTs were given scores ranging from 0 to 100. 
    • States and UTs were classified into four categories, namely Achiever, Front Runner, Performer and Aspirant.
  • SDG Index: Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN): Frames the implementation of 17 SDG goals among UN member states.
  • Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI)
    • Introduced as a part of 2019 HDI Report
    • It captures how social beliefs can obstruct gender equality along four dimensions: Political, Educational, Economic, and Physical integrity.
    • The GSNI ranges from 0 to 1
      • Higher GSNI values indicate higher bias against gender equality.
Water Credit [UPSC 2021]

  • Loan program started by water.org to address the barrier of affordable financing for safe water and sanitation.
  • It puts microfinance tools to work in the water and sanitation sector; 
  • Aims to enable poor people to meet their water needs without depending on subsidies.

National Water Mission [UPSC 2012]

  • One of the eight missions launched under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
  • Objective:  Conservation of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring its more equitable distribution both across and within States through integrated water resources development and management. 
  • Part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through the recycling of waste-water.
  • The water requirements of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for the use of ocean water.

 

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Conclusion

  • Human Development focuses on improving people’s well-being and capabilities, ensuring access to education, healthcare, and necessities
  • Sustainable Development, on the other hand, emphasizes the long-term viability of economic, social, and environmental systems, striving to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
  • By integrating these two approaches, societies can achieve holistic progress that promotes human flourishing while preserving the planet’s resources for future generations.
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Quick Revise Now !
AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD SOON
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध
Quick Revise Now !
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध

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