Characteristics of Vijayanagara Architecture

Introduction

The rulers of Vijayanagara Empire (1335-1565 AD) combined the features of the Cholas, Hoysalas, Pandyas, and Chalukyas architectural styles. They were also influenced by the Indo-Islamic style of Bijapur.

Characteristics of Vijayanagara Architecture 

• Foundation: Founded in 1336 CE, Vijayanagara, the ‘city of victory,’ drew international travelers like Niccolo di Conti, Domingo Paes, Fernao Nuniz, Duarte Barbosa, and Abd al-Razzaq, who provided vivid accounts of the city. 
• Provida Style: Though often characterized as Dravida style, it had its own distinct features. This new style of architecture is called the Provida style.
• Blending of Style: Vijayanagara architecture synthesized Dravida temple architecture with Islamic styles from neighboring sultanates.
• Fusion Period: The ruins from the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries reflect a period of cultural fusion, wealth, and exploration.
• Cultural Continuity: The Vijayanagara architecture embodies a synthesis of centuries-old traditions with occasional foreign influences.
• Gopurams were built on all sides and were in several storied pyramidal structures. Larger and taller Gopurams are known as Raya Gopurams.
•  A new structure known as Amman Shrine appeared. Here, the spouse of the chief deity was kept. 
  • Example: Amman shrine of Hazara temple (Hampi, Karnataka).

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• The temples were equipped with monolithic rock pillars.
• Numerous mandapas came into existence, and the central mandap came to be known as Kalyana mandap (meant to celebrate divine weddings). [UPSC 2019]
• Secular Features: The concept of secular buildings inside the temple premises was also introduced during this period.
  • Examples: Vittalaswami temple complex (Its pillars emit musical notes on tapping), Lotus Mahal (it may have been a council chamber, a place where the king met his advisers), Virupaksha temple and Raghunatha temple at Hampi (Karnataka). [UPSC 2009]

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Conclusion

• Vijayanagara architecture, with its monumental structures and intricate craftsmanship, embodies the cultural and artistic zenith of South India.
  • Its legacy continues to awe and inspire visitors worldwide.

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