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Agriculture Optional Syllabus for UPSC Mains 2024

Aditi Sinha August 10, 2023 11:00 6916 0

Prepare for the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) with Agriculture Optional subject.

Agriculture Optional Syllabus for UPSC Mains 2024

Choosing Agriculture for UPSC offers practical knowledge on farming and rural development. With clear concepts and quality books, explore soil science, plant breeding, and more. Prepare with past papers and strategies for success in the exam journey.

Agriculture Optional for UPSC: A Complete Guide

Agriculture optional syllabus for the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) offers advantages, especially for those interested in agriculture and rural development.  Agriculture is the science of farming, it includes the cultivation of soil for growing crops, rearing animals to provide food, wool and other products, and harvesting grown crops as effectively as possible. Choosing Agriculture as an optional subject for the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) can be advantageous, especially for those with experience or interest in agriculture and rural development. By opting for Agriculture, candidates gain insights into the foundation of India’s economy, rural development programs, food security concerns, and the impact of climate change on agriculture. This broad understanding can prove valuable during the exam interview as well.

This article provides a comprehensive guide for candidates who plan to choose Agriculture as their UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) Optional Subject. It covers the exam syllabus, offers past year question papers (PYQs), and shares valuable insights from toppers. Additionally, it recommends essential books to aid in the mastery of Agriculture as an optional subject.

Agriculture Optional Syllabus for UPSC Civil Services Exam

The UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam includes an Agriculture Optional Syllabus, which has two papers: I and II. The Agriculture Optional Syllabus covers topics like Indian economy, rural development, and environmental issues, which are also covered in General Studies Paper 3. Additionally, the Agriculture Optional Syllabus provides practical knowledge relevant to General Studies Paper 1, covering Indian geography and topics on poverty, development, and demographics. It also enriches content for the Essay paper.

In this article, we will explore the Syllabus, recommend a List of Books, delve into Past Year Question Papers (PYQs), and share insights from Previous Year Agriculture Optional Toppers.

Why is Agriculture Optional an Ideal Choice for UPSC Mains Subject?

  • Overlap with General Studies: One such area is agriculture, which has tremendous overlap with General Studies papers like Indian Economy, Environment, and Geography. 
  • Scientific and Objective Nature: Agriculture is science-based. It has a well-defined syllabus to be followed. It does not leave much for analysis, hence most scoring, as compared to subjects open to opinion. 
  • Resource availability: Being a core subject, there is a wealth of study material available for Agriculture, including textbooks, government reports, agricultural research data, etc.
  • High Scores Scope: Agriculture, as an optional subject, has a scope where one may score high marks, especially if one is conversant with the concepts applied in the problems currently affecting the agriculture sector.

UPSC Agriculture Optional Syllabus – Comprehensive Analysis 

Each of the agriculture optional papers for the UPSC CSE exam carries 250 marks, making it a total of 500 marks for both the exams. The syllabus for the Agriculture Optional paper in the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) in India typically covers various aspects of agriculture. Below is a broad outline of the syllabus: 

Agriculture Optional Syllabus: Paper I

The Table below contains the syllabus of Agriculture Optional for the UPSC Optional Paper I:

S. No. Topic Subtopics
1 Ecology
  • Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management, and conservation. 
  • Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. 
  • Agro ecology; cropping pattern as indicators of environments. 
  • Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals, and humans. 
  • Climate change—International conventions and global initiatives. 
  • Greenhouse effect and global warming. 
  • Advanced tools for ecosystem analysis—Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
2 Agronomy
  • Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. 
  • Impact of high-yielding and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. 
  • Concepts of various cropping, and farming systems. 
  • Organic and Precision farming. 
  • Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and fodder crops.
3 Weed Science
  • Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications; cultural, biological, and chemical control of weeds.
4 Forestry
  • Important features, and scope of various types of forestry plantations such as social forestry, agroforestry, and natural forests.
  • Propagation of forest plants. 
  • Forest products. 
  • Agro-forestry and value addition. 
  • Conservation of forest flora and fauna.
5 Soil science and nutrient management
  • Soil—physical, chemical, and biological properties. 
  • Processes and factors of soil formation. 
  • Soils of India. 
  • Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. 
  • Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. 
  • Principles of soil fertility, soil testing and fertiliser recommendations, integrated nutrient management Biofertilizers. 
  • Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen-use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. 
  • Efficient phosphorus and potassium use. 
  • Problem soils and their reclamation. 
  • Soil factors affecting greenhouse gas emission.
6 Soil and water conservation
  • Soil conservation, integrated watershed management. 
  • Soil erosion and its management. 
  • Dry land agriculture and its problems. 
  • Technology for stabilising agriculture production in rainfed areas. 
  • Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations, ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. 
  • Rainwater harvesting. 
  • Drip and sprinkler irrigation. 
  • Drainage of water-logged soils, quality of irrigation water, effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution. 
  • Irrigation projects in India.
7 Agricultural economics
  • Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. 
  • Optimum resource use and budgeting. 
  • Economics of different types of farming systems. 
  • Marketing management strategies for development, market intelligence. 
  • Price fluctuations and their cost; role of cooperatives in agricultural economy; types and systems of farming and factors affecting them. 
  • Agricultural price policy. 
  • Crop Insurance.
8 Agricultural extension
  • Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big, small, and marginal farmers and landless agricultural labourers; Training programmes for extension workers. 
  • Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in dissemination of Agricultural technologies. 
  • Non-Government Organisation (NGO) and self-help group approach for rural development.

Agriculture Optional Syllabus of Optional Paper II: 

The Table below contains the syllabus of Agriculture Optional for the UPSC Optional Paper II:

S. No. Topic Subtopics
1 Cell Biology
  • Cell structure, function, and cell cycle. 
  • Synthesis, structure, and function of genetic material. 
  • Laws of heredity. 
  • Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage and cross-over, and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and aneuploids. 
  • Mutation—and their role in crop improvement. 
  • Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, classification, and their application in crop improvement. 
  • Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced, and sex-limited characters.
2 Plant breeding
  • History of plant breeding. 
  • Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques. 
  • Origin, evolution and domestication of crop plants, centre of origin, law of homologous series, crop genetic resources— conservation and utilization. 
  • Application of principles of plant breeding, improvement of crop plants. 
  • Molecular markers and their application in plant improvement. 
  • Pure-line selection, pedigree, mass, and recurrent selections, combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. 
  • Heterosis and its exploitation. 
  • Somatic hybridization. 
  • Breeding for disease and pest resistance. 
  • Role of interspecific and intergeneric hybridization. 
  • Role of genetic engineering and biotechnology in crop improvement Genetically modified crop plants.
3 Seed production and technology
  • Seed production and processing technologies. 
  • Seed certification, Seed testing and storage. 
  • DNA fingerprinting and seed registration. 
  • Role of public and private sectors in seed production, and marketing. 
  • Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues, WTO issues and its impact on Agriculture.
4 Plant physiology
  • Principles of Plant Physiology with reference to plant nutrition, absorption, translocation, and metabolism of nutrients. 
  • Soil-water-plant relationship. 
  • Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis—modern concepts and factors affecting the process, aerobic and anaerobic respiration; C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms. 
  • Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. 
  • Growth and development; photoperiodism and vernalization. 
  • Plant growth substances and their role in crop production. 
  • Physiology of seed development and germination; dormancy. Stress physiology—draught, salt, and water stress.
5 Horticulture, and landscape gardening
  • Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables, spices, and flower crops. 
  • Package practices of major horticultural crops. 
  • Protected cultivation and high-tech horticulture. 
  • Post-harvest technology and value addition of fruits and vegetables. 
  • Landscaping and commercial floriculture. 
  • Medicinal and aromatic plants. 
  • Role of fruits and vegetables in human nutrition.
6 Plant protection techniques
  • Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation crops and their economic importance. 
  • Classification of pests and diseases and their management. 
  • Integrated pest and disease management. 
  • Storage pests and their management. 
  • Biological control of pests and diseases. 
  • Epidemiology and forecasting of major crop pests and diseases. 
  • Plant quarantine measures. 
  • Pesticides, their formulation, and modes of action.
7 Food production, and nutrition management
  • Food production and consumption trends in India. 
  • Food security and growing population—vision 2020. 
  • Reasons for grain surplus. 
  • National and International food policies. 
  • Production, procurement, distribution constraints. 
  • Availability of foodgrains, per capita expenditure on food. 
  • Trends in poverty, Public Distribution System and Below Poverty Line population, Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS), policy implementation in context to globalization. 
  • Processing constraints. 
  • Relation of food production to National Dietary Guidelines and food consumption pattern. 
  • Food based dietary approaches to eliminate hunger. 
  • Nutrient deficiency—Micronutrient deficiency: Protein Energy Malnutrition or Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PEM or PCM), Micronutrient deficiency and HRD in context of work capacity of women and children. 
  • Food grain productivity and food security.

Agriculture Optional Exam Pattern for UPSC Mains

The exam pattern for the Agriculture Optional in the UPSC Mains Exam is structured as follows:

  • The Agriculture Optional in the UPSC Mains Exam consists of two papers (Paper-1 and Paper-2), each carrying 250 marks (total: 500 marks). 
  • In both papers, candidates must attempt a total of FIVE questions.
  • Questions 1 and 5 are compulsory in each paper. Candidates must choose and answer THREE additional questions from the remaining questions. At least one question from each section must be selected.

For those who choose Agriculture as an optional subject in the UPSC exam, selecting the appropriate books is critical. Agriculture encompasses a wide range of topics, such as botany, soil science, animal husbandry, and economics. A well-chosen selection of books can make the subject easier to understand and ensure that the syllabus is covered thoroughly. Here is a curated list of essential books for Agriculture Optional Paper I and Paper II to assist candidates in their preparation.

Agriculture Optional Books: Paper I

S.No. Book Author(s)
1 Introductory Soil Science K.D. Kundu
2 Principles of Agronomy Yellamanda Reddy & Sankara Reddi
3 A Textbook of Agricultural Statistics R. Rangaswamy
4 Fundamentals of Genetics B.D. Singh
5 Plant Breeding Principles and Methods B.D. Singh
6 Entomology Vasant Gowariker
7 Fundamentals of Plant Pathology Y.L. Nene, Bajaj & K.V. Singh

Agriculture Optional Books: Paper II

S.No. Book Author(s)
1 Agricultural Economics and Farm Management S.S. Johl & T.R. Kapoor
2 Indian Economy Mishra and Puri
3 Agricultural Marketing in India S.S. Acharya & N.L. Agarwal
4 Soil and Water Conservation Engineering G.L. Harris
5 Irrigation Water Management D.L. Pruthi
6 Post-Harvest Technology of Fruits and Vegetables L.R. Verma and V.K. Joshi
7 Elements of Horticulture N. Kumar

Agriculture Optional Strategies for UPSC CSE Preparation

Choosing Agriculture as an optional subject for the UPSC exam can benefit candidates with experience or interest in agriculture, the environment, or rural development. To succeed, it’s crucial to develop a targeted preparation plan to cover the vast syllabus effectively. Here are some strategies and tips to help you excel in Agriculture as your optional subject:

  • Familiarize Yourself with the Syllabus: Begin by thoroughly understanding the syllabus for both Paper I and Paper II. This helps in identifying the core areas and segmenting the preparation accordingly.
  • Establish Clear Concepts: Agriculture encompasses a wide range of concepts from soil science to genetics and from agronomy to economics. Ensure you have a strong grasp of these foundational concepts, as they will be pivotal in answering both theoretical and application-based questions.
  • Utilize Quality Reference Books: Refer to the recommended books for each section of the syllabus. Books authored by experts in the field of agriculture will provide in-depth knowledge and insights necessary for the exam.
  • Make Your Own Notes for Revision Purpose: Personalized notes are crucial for efficient revision. Highlight key points, data, and case studies that can enrich your answers in the Mains exam.
  • Practice with Previous Year’s Papers: Solving past years’ question papers will acquaint you with the UPSC’s question pattern, marking scheme, and the level of application required. It also helps in time management during the actual exam.
  • Prioritize Revision and Answer-Writing Practice: Regular revision is necessary to keep the vast syllabus of agriculture fresh in your mind. Combined with answer-writing practice, it enhances your ability to articulate answers clearly and concisely under exam conditions.
  • Attempt Full-Length Tests: Enroll in test series or practice full-length tests under exam-like conditions. This will not only test your preparation but also improve your stamina and time management skills for the actual exam.

Previous Year Question Papers for Agriculture Optional

The table below contains the direct PDF links of the Previous Year Question Papers of Agriculture Optional Paper I and Paper II:

UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional PYQ 2023
UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional Paper I (2023) UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional Paper II (2023)
UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional PYQ 2022
UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional Paper I (2022) UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional Paper II (2022)
UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional PYQ 2021
UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional Paper I (2021) UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional Paper II (2021)
UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional PYQ 2020
UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional Paper I (2020) UPSC CSE Agriculture Optional Paper II (2020)

 

Must Read
NCERT Notes For UPSC UPSC Daily Current Affairs
UPSC Blogs UPSC Daily Editorials
Daily Current Affairs Quiz Daily Main Answer Writing
UPSC Mains Previous Year Papers UPSC Test Series 2024

 

UPSC Agriculture Syllabus FAQs

The Agriculture Optional covers a broad-spectrum including ecology, agronomy, weed science, forestry, soil science, soil and water conservation, agricultural economics, and agricultural extension for Paper I; and cell biology, plant breeding, seed production, plant physiology, horticulture, plant protection, and food production for Paper II.

It provides insights into India's rural economy, food security, environmental issues, and has synergy with General Studies papers, beneficial for both the mains exam and interview.

Key books include "Introductory Soil Science" by K.D. Kundu, "Principles of Agronomy" by Reddy & Reddi, and "Plant Breeding Principles and Methods" by B.D. Singh.

It consists of two papers, each worth 250 marks, requiring candidates to attempt five questions, with questions 1 and 5 being compulsory and a choice among the rest.

PYQs are available on the UPSC official website, offering direct PDF links for both Paper I and II for various years.

Understand the syllabus thoroughly, strengthen foundational concepts, utilize recommended books, create personalized notes, practice with PYQs, prioritize revision, and take full-length tests.

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 Final Result – CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2023.   Udaan-Prelims Wallah ( Static ) booklets 2024 released both in english and hindi : Download from Here!     Download UPSC Mains 2023 Question Papers PDF  Free Initiative links -1) Download Prahaar 3.0 for Mains Current Affairs PDF both in English and Hindi 2) Daily Main Answer Writing  , 3) Daily Current Affairs , Editorial Analysis and quiz ,  4) PDF Downloads  UPSC Prelims 2023 Trend Analysis cut-off and answer key

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Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
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Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
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UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
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