The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has released a comprehensive report titled ‘Estimation and Measurement of India’s Digital Economy.

About the Report on Estimation and Measurement of India’s Digital Economy

• The report is prepared by the Indian Council For Research On International Economic Relations and released by MeitY.
• It is an attempt to compile the first set of credible, comprehensible, and current estimates of India’s digital economy based on an internationally accepted framework. 
• • OECD Framework: India is first among developing nations, to use the OECD framework to estimate its digital economy.
  • ADB Input-Output Approach: The report also provides alternate estimates using the Asian Development Bank’s input-output approach.
• Purpose of the report: The insights from this report are invaluable for policymakers, businesses, and other stakeholders. 
  • Policymakers: Accurate data helps make more informed decisions and create targeted interventions to support digital growth.
  • Businesses: Understanding the digital economy’s impact can help businesses make strategic decisions, drive innovation, and stay competitive in a global market.

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Key Findings of the report

• Size of India’s Digital Economy: In 2022-23, India’s digital economy accounted for 11.74% of national income, equivalent to INR 31.64 lakh crore (~USD 402 billion) in GDP.
• Main Contributors:
  • The digital-enabling industries, such as information and communication services, telecommunications, and electronic component manufacturing, contributed the most, accounting for 7.83% of Gross Value Added (GVA).
  • The new digital industries, including Big Tech, digital platforms, and digital intermediaries, contributed 2% of GVA.
  • Traditional sectors such as BFSI (banking, financial services, and insurance), trade, and education also contributed about 2% of GVA through their digital transformation.
• India’s digital economy is moving beyond the ICT (Information and Communication Technology) sector, influencing many industries and boosting digital platforms in traditional sectors.

Future Growth Projections

• The report projects that by 2030, India’s digital economy will contribute to nearly one-fifth (20%) of the national income. 
• The biggest growth is expected from:
  • The rise of digital intermediaries and platforms.
  • Increased digital diffusion and digitalization across the economy.
• In 2022-23, the digital economy accounted for 14.67 million workers, or 2.55% of India’s total workforce.

Need for Quantification of the Digital Economy

• Essential to understand the role of the digital economy in:
  • Driving economic growth.
  • Generating employment opportunities.
  • Supporting sustainable development.

Challenges in Measuring the Digital Economy

• Defining the Digital Economy: The cross-cutting and integrated nature of digital technologies makes it difficult to define a distinct digital economy.
• Limitations of Existing Systems: The conventional system of national accounts is not designed to measure the digital economy.
• Global Context: Only few countries have attempted to measure their digital economy.

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Digital Economy

• The digital economy refers to an economy that is primarily based on digital technologies, including the internet, digital platforms, and digital devices.
• It encompasses all economic activities that use digital resources for business operations, communication, transactions, and service delivery. 

Key components of the digital economy

• E-commerce: The buying and selling of goods and services through digital platforms like websites and mobile apps (e.g., Amazon, Flipkart).
• Digital Services: Online services such as cloud computing, digital payments, fintech solutions, and software-as-a-service (SaaS) platforms.
  • SaaS is a software licensing model. It provides access to applications on a subscription basis through external servers. Ex. Salesforce, Google Workspace apps, Microsoft 365
• Data: The collection, analysis, and use of data for decision-making, marketing, and enhancing customer experiences. Big data, AI, and machine learning are core parts of this aspect.
• Digital Infrastructure: Technologies like broadband internet, 5G networks, and data centers that support digital activities across industries.
• Digital Innovation: The development of new technologies (like artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of Things) that transform industries and create new business opportunities.

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Advantages of the Digital Economy

• Increased Productivity: Businesses can automate tasks, improving efficiency and reducing the time needed for operations.
  • According to a McKinsey report, organisations that adopted AI and digital technologies experience productivity gains of 20-30%.
• Reduced Costs: Cloud services and digital tools lower the need for expensive physical infrastructure, allowing businesses to adjust their size easily.
  • Ecommerce platform Flipkart utilizes Google Cloud to handle its infrastructure, enabling it to manage high volumes of daily visits.
• Wider Reach: Online platforms help businesses connect with global customers and expand their market.
  • Google processes over 8.5 billion searches per day, and this data helps the company refine its services and targeted ads.
• Better Data Access: Digital tools provide valuable data that can be analyzed to improve business strategies, customer understanding, and operations.
  • Examples: Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Software (e.g., Salesforce, HubSpot)
• Convenience: Consumers can shop or access services online at any time and from anywhere, making life easier.
  • The market value of the e–commerce industry in India was 123 billion US dollars in 2024. This number was estimated to reach 300 billion US dollars by 2030.
• Improved Customer Experience: Businesses can offer quick customer service through digital channels like chatbots.
• Personalization: Using data and AI, businesses can customize their products and marketing, enhancing customer satisfaction.

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Challenges to India’s Digital Economy

• Digital Divide: As of 2024, a large portion of rural India remains disconnected, with women, children, and marginalized groups facing particular barriers.
  • India ranks 12th among G20 nations in terms of digitalization.
• Cybersecurity Threats:  With the rise in digital transactions and cloud-based services, India faces increasing risks of data breaches, hacking, and cyberattacks.
  • In 2024, a massive data breach occurred in the Aadhaar database, the national identification system of India.
• Regulatory and Policy Challenges: India’s digital economy is governed by a patchwork of evolving policies and regulations, making it difficult for businesses to navigate.
  • Except for the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, the National Data Governance Framework Policy, the National Cyber Security Strategy, and the National E-Commerce Policy, DPDP Rules are all currently in draft form. 
• Monopoly and Market Dominance: India’s digital ecosystem is dominated by Amazon, Flipkart, Google, and Reliance Jio, which may stifle competition and lead to unfair trade practices.
  • As of 2024, Jio has around 40% market share in India’s telecom industry, similarly Amazon holds about 30-35% of the ecommerce market share in India.
• Import Restrictions on IT Goods: India’s restrictions on the import of certain IT products, such as laptops and tablets, may hinder the entry of foreign technology firms.
  • India has the highest average applied tariff of any G20 country, and some of the highest bound tariff rates among WTO members. 
• Infrastructure Constraints: While 4G and 5G have expanded, India’s fixed broadband infrastructure lags behind other G20 nations in terms of speed and reliability.
• Uncertain Future of Digital Services Taxation: The Digital Services Tax (DST) introduced by India has created a tax burden on foreign online advertising platforms and digital businesses, adding complexity for international companies.
  • The 6% “equalization levy” on foreign advertising platforms, which was introduced in 2017, adds to the compliance burden for foreign firms operating in India.

Way Forward

• Bridging the Digital Divide: Strengthening BharatNet, National Broadband Mission 2.0 and other rural connectivity programs.
• Enhancing Cybersecurity: Implementing robust data protection laws like the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 and Digital Personal Data Protection Rules, 2025.
• Promoting Digital Literacy: Expanding programs like PMGDISHA (Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan).
• Policy Reforms: Establishing a cohesive regulatory framework for digital platforms.
• Encouraging Localization: Supporting the development of indigenous digital platforms and technologies.
• Reducing Import Restrictions on IT Goods: Reevaluate import tariffs to encourage foreign technology firms to invest and expand in India. 

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Recently issues were raised against the implementation of Smart City Mission in Shimla as it  bypassed local governments, relying on Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) managed as private entities, sidelining city councils in governance and decision-making.

About Smart City Mission

• A smart city is an intelligent city that integrates digital technologies into its networks, services and infrastructure making it more efficient and livable for the benefit of its inhabitants and business.
• According to the European Commission, smart city means:
  • Smart urban transportation networks
  • Upgraded water supply and waste disposal facilities
  • More efficient ways to light and heat buildings
  • More interactive and responsive city administration
  • Safer public spaces

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About Smart City Mission (SCM)

• Launch: The SCM was launched in June 2015 by the Government of India to develop 100 smart cities as models of urban development.
• Aim: To improve quality of life, promote sustainable development, and integrate technology for efficient urban governance.
• Nodal Ministry: The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) 
• Objective: The smart cities initiative was based on the Internet of Things (IoT) with objectives to: 
  • Enhance core infrastructure and ensure a clean, sustainable urban environment.
  • Promote the use of smart solutions for governance and service delivery.
  • Improve mobility, water supply, sewage systems, and waste management.
• Components:
  • Area-Based Development (ABD): Focuses on retrofitting, redevelopment, and greenfield projects in specific city zones.

• • Pan-City Initiatives: Implements IT-enabled services across cities, such as intelligent traffic management and integrated governance systems.Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs): Acts as implementation agencies, registered under the Companies Act, ensuring efficient project execution.
• Funding Mechanism:
  • Total allocation of ₹48,000 crore from the central government, matched by state governments and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
  • Additional funds raised through Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), municipal bonds, and other innovative financing mechanisms.
• Extension : Initially planned to conclude by 2020, the mission was extended to March 2025.
• Current Status: As of 2024 Out of 8,016 sanctioned projects worth ₹1.64 lakh crore, 7,218 projects have been completed.
  • Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCCs) have been operationalized in all 100 cities, enabling efficient monitoring and governance.

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Impact of SCM

• Digital Transformation: ICCCs have enhanced governance through real-time data analysis for traffic management, disaster response, and urban planning.
  • Example: In Ahmedabad, sensor-based water monitoring reduced leakages and added 50 million liters per day (MLD) to the supply.
• Infrastructure Development: Development of core infrastructure, such as roads, water supply, sewage systems, and solid waste management, has improved urban living standards.
  • Example: Indore’s gravity-based sewage network prevented 205 MLD of untreated sewage from polluting local rivers.
• Renewable Energy Integration: Promotes sustainability through projects like the Mudasarlova Reservoir Floating Solar Plant in Visakhapatnam, which generates 3,613 MWh of electricity annually, reducing carbon emissions by 3,000 tonnes.
• Economic Growth: Smart cities also position India as a global investment destination. By creating urban spaces that are competitive, inclusive, and sustainable, they attract both domestic and foreign investors.
  • By leveraging technology, SCM has positioned cities like Surat as hubs for global trade, boosting industries such as textiles and diamonds.
• Alignment with SDGs:SCM projects contribute significantly to 15 out of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 11 (sustainable cities) and SDG 6 (clean water).

Challenges in Implementation

• Mission Deadline Extension: Delays in project completion necessitated an extension to June 2024.
• Funding Shortfalls: Many cities failed to raise sufficient funds through PPPs or loans.
  • Example: Only 6% of projects were funded through PPPs instead of the recommended 21%.
  • Lakshadweep and Daman & Diu received less than 50% of allocated central funds.
• Governance Issues: Frequent transfer of SPV CEOs disrupted project execution.
  • State-level advisory forums were irregular, with some cities like Imphal and Amravati holding no meetings.
• Absence of Master Plans: 65% of urban entities lack master plans essential for determining land and infrastructure requirements.
• Execution Challenges: Inadequate citizen engagement and public participation hindered effective implementation.
  • For example Shimla’s redevelopment projects saw minimal progress, and funds were misallocated to non-essential items like flower pots.

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Way Forward

• Extension of SCM to more Cities : Focus on tier-2 cities within 100 km of state capitals, leveraging SPV expertise for urban development.
• Expand ICCCs’ Role: ICCCs should integrate functions like health, disaster management, and waste management to enhance urban resilience.
•  Strengthen Governance: Appoint dedicated CEOs with fixed tenures for better accountability. Foster transparency through regular advisory forum meetings.
• Enhance IT Infrastructure and Privacy Safeguards: Protect digital platforms from cyberattacks and ensure data privacy.
  • Develop a comprehensive framework for asset maintenance and upgrades.
• Promote Sustainable Urban Development: Align SCM with initiatives like AMRUT, Swachh Bharat Mission, and National Mission for Sustainable Habitat to ensure integrated urban development.
• International Collaboration: Share SCM’s sustainable development lessons with other countries, such as Bhutan’s Gelephu Smart City Project

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The Supreme Court has suggested the appointment of ad hoc judges in High Courts to address the large backlog of criminal appeals.

Need to appoint Ad Hoc Judges

• Pending Cases : SC highlighted data showing significant pendency in several High Courts, including 63,000 criminal appeals in the Allahabad High Court alone.
• High Vacancy : According to the recent report published by the Department of Justice , High Courts around the country have 327 vacancies against their collective sanctioned strength of 1114 judges. 
  • These vacancies include 161 permanent posts and 166 temporary posts for additional judges. 

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About Ad Hoc High Court Judges

• Constitutional Provision: Article 224A  allows the Chief Justice of a High Court to request retired High Court judges to perform judicial duties.
• Requirement for Appointment: The President of India’s prior consent is mandatory for such appointments.
• Entitlements: Ad hoc judges receive allowances as determined by the President’s order.
  • They enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers, and privileges of a judge of that High Court.
• Procedure for appointment: It  was outlined in the 1998 Memorandum of Procedure (MOP).
  • The retired judge must consent to the appointment.
  • The Chief Justice forwards the judge’s name to the Chief Minister.
  • The Chief Minister sends the recommendation to the Union Law Minister.
  • The Union Law Minister consults the Chief Justice of India (CJI) before forwarding the recommendation to the Prime Minister.
  • The Prime Minister advises the President, who grants final approval.
• Time Frame for Appointment: Ad hoc judges can be appointed for a term of 2-3 years, with a possible extension up to five years.
• Scope of Ad Hoc Judges’ Role:
• • They should focus on resolving old cases pending for more than five years.
  • Handling election petitions and other cases requiring urgent resolution.

Lok Prahari Case (2021)

• The Supreme Court ruled that the recommendation must be routed through the Collegium of the Supreme Court, comprising the CJI and the two seniormost judges.
• Trigger points for Appointment of Ad Hoc Judges: 
• • The process of Ad HC Judge appointment can begin if a High Court has a vacancy level exceeding 20% of its sanctioned strength (excluding additional judges).
  • Cases pending in the High Court for more than five years exceed 10% of the backlog.

Prioritization of Regular Appointments

• Ad hoc judges should not be appointed in High Courts functioning with 80% or more of their sanctioned strength.
• Ad hoc appointments should only be considered after all efforts to fill regular vacancies are exhausted.
• Such appointments must not replace or delay the regular appointment process.

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When Have Ad Hoc Judges Been Appointed in the Past?

• Rarely Invoked Provision: Article 224A has been invoked only a few times:
  • Justice Suraj Bhan (1972): Appointed to the Madhya Pradesh High Court to handle election petitions.
  • Justice P. Venugopal (1982): Appointed to the Madras High Court with tenure extended by one year.
  • Justice O.P. Srivastava (2007): Appointed to the Allahabad High Court for adjudicating the Ayodhya title suits.

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The delay in approval of the Cauvery-South Vellar Link Project has led to disputes between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, particularly regarding water rights and resource allocation.

Key Highlights of the issue

• Karnataka expressed concerns over Tamil Nadu’s decision to proceed with laying the foundation stone on February 21, 2021, without proper clearance from the Centre, terming it a violation of federal principles.
• Tamil Nadu claimed the project is focused on utilizing surplus floodwater and does not infringe upon Karnataka’s share of the Cauvery water.
• The Supreme Court noted that the Union Government has not yet granted in-principle approval to the Cauvery-South Vellar Link project.
• The Supreme Court dismissed Karnataka’s application seeking an interim injunction against Tamil Nadu.
• The order emphasized that the Centre’s clearance remains pending making Karnataka’s request premature.

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Request by Tamil Nadu Government 2021

• In-principle approval for the Cauvery-South Vellar Link Project.
• The declaration of the Cauvery-Vaigai-Gundar Link project as a national project.

About Cauvery-South Vellar Link Project

• Purpose: To divert surplus floodwater from the Mettur Dam in Tamil Nadu to dry tanks in the Sarabanga Basin in Salem district.
• The Tamil Nadu Chief Minister laid the foundation stone for the project in February 2021.
• Karnataka argued the project could negatively impact its water rights and citizens along the Cauvery River:
• • The project might divert Karnataka’s share of Cauvery water.
  • The South Vellar Link project may involve transferring excess water beyond the agreed limit of 483 TMC (thousand million cubic feet) at Biligundlu.
  • Karnataka urged the Centre to withhold clearance for the project and requested that the Gundar Link project not be declared a national project.

About the Cauvery River

• Significance: Known as ‘Ponni’ in Tamil, it is considered sacred and is often referred to as the Dakshina Ganga (Ganges of the South).
• Origin: Talakaveri in the Brahmagiri Hills, Western Ghats, Karnataka.
• Flow: Southeast direction through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu; descends the Eastern Ghats and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
• Tributaries:
• • Left Bank: Arkavathi, Hemavathi, Shimsa, Harangi.
  • Right Bank: Lakshman Tirtha, Kabini, Suvarnavathi, Noyil, Bhavani, Amaravathi.
• Protected Areas in the Cauvery Basin: Nagarhole National Park, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve.

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About the Vellar River

• Origin: Servarayan Hills, Eastern Ghats.
• Flow: Passes through Salem, Perambalur, and Cuddalore districts in Tamil Nadu before draining into the Bay of Bengal.
• Tributaries: Manimuktha River, Chinnar River, Vasishta Nadi.

About the Cauvery-Vaigai-Gundar Link Project

• The project involves linking the Cauvery River with the Vaigai and Gundar Rivers to address water shortages in southern Tamil Nadu.

Constitutional Provisions for Inter-State River Disputes

• State List (Entry 17): Covers water supply, irrigation, canals, drainage, and hydroelectric power.
• Union List (Entry 56): Empowers the Union Government to regulate and develop inter-state rivers and river valleys.
• Article 262: Provides for adjudication of disputes related to the use, distribution, and control of inter-state rivers.
• Inter-State Water Dispute Act, 1956: The Act allows the Centre to constitute a tribunal if disputes arise between states.
• 2002 Amendments:
  • Mandated a one-year timeframe to establish a tribunal.
  • Tribunal decisions must be delivered within three years
• Judicial Oversight: The Supreme Court cannot question the award or formula decided by a tribunal but can review the tribunal’s functioning.

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Recent studies have indicated that Rhodamine B can cause DNA damage, leading to mutations and potentially triggering cancerous growths.

About Rhodamine B 

• Rhodamine B is a synthetic dye used mainly in textiles, paper, and leather industries but has been illegally used in food products, posing severe health risks.
• It is a water-soluble compound, appearing green in powder form and turning bright fluorescent pink when dissolved in water.
• Applications of Rhodamine BIndustrial Applications: Widely used in textiles, inks, ink formulations, cosmetics, and food coloring to produce vivid colors.
  • Fluorescence Microscopy: Valued for its fluorescent properties, allowing precise visualization of cellular structures and molecular interactions in laboratories.

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Effects of Rhodamine B on Humans

• Oxidative Stress: Causes oxidative stress, cell injury, and increased apoptosis.
• DNA Damage: Linked to DNA damage, mutations, and potential cancerous growths.

• Tumor Development: Prolonged exposure has shown tumor development in organs like the liver and bladder.
• Cerebellum Tissue Damage: Regular consumption can harm cerebellum tissue, impairing motor function and causing brainstem abnormalities.

Permitted Coloring Agents in India

• Regulations: According to FSSAI’s Food Products Standards and Food Additives Regulation, 2011, only permitted synthetic coloring agents can be used.
• Permitted Colors:
  • Red: Ponceau 4R, Carmoisine, Erythrosine
  • Yellow: Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow FCF
  • Blue: Indigo Carmine, Brilliant Blue FCF
  • Green: Fast Green FCF

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Regulations of  Rhodamine B 

• FSSAI Regulations: Rhodamine B is specifically banned from use in food products in India.
  • Its use is punishable under the Food Safety & Standards Act, 2006.
• Recent Actions: In 2024, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry, and Himachal Pradesh implemented bans and strict measures to prevent its use in food products.
• United States: The FDA has classified Rhodamine B as unsafe for food and banned its use.
• • In January 2025, the FDA issued a stricter ban due to increasing evidence of its carcinogenic properties.
• European Union: Classified Rhodamine B as a substance of very high concern and banned its use in cosmetics due to carcinogenic and skin sensitization risks.

Way Forward

• Strengthen Regulatory Framework: Enforce stricter regulations and monitoring by FSSAI to ensure harmful dyes like Rhodamine B are not used in food products.
• Promote Research and Awareness: Fund independent research on the impact of food additives and launch public awareness campaigns on the risks of unregulated synthetic dyes.
• Encourage Compliance: Educate manufacturers and vendors on safe practices and impose stringent penalties for violations to ensure compliance with food safety standards.
• Community Engagement: Use digital platforms and social media to spread information on safe food practices, permissible additives, and the importance of checking food labels for safety.

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The Union Labour Ministry revealed that ₹1,17,507.22 crore has been collected as cess under the BOCW Act since its implementation in 1996.

• Out of this, ₹67,669.92 crore has been utilized for the welfare of construction workers, leaving ₹70,744.16 crore unutilized.

About the BOCW Act, 1996

• The Act provides for regulating the employment and conditions of service of building and other construction workers .
• It also provides for their safety, health and welfare measures and other matters connected therewith or incidental thereto

Provisions of BOCW Act, 1996

• Registration: All construction workers must register with Welfare Boards to access the benefits offered under the Act.
• Eligibility: Any worker aged 18 to 60 years, engaged in construction activities for a minimum of 90 days in the preceding 12 months, is eligible for registration with the State Welfare Boards.
• State Welfare Boards: Established to administer welfare funds and provide benefits such as accident insurance, medical assistance, education, housing, and pensions to registered workers.
• Funding Mechanism: The Act mandates a cess of 1% to 2% on the cost of construction projects to fund welfare schemes for construction workers.
• Working Conditions and Safety:
  • Fixes working hours and wages for overtime.
  • Prohibits employment of certain persons in specific construction activities.
  • Ensures provision of basic facilities like drinking water, sanitation, accommodation, crecheBOCW Act, 1996s, first aid, and canteens.
  • Mandates the formation of safety committees and appointment of safety officers to frame rules for workers’ safety and health.

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BoCW Management Information System (MIS) Portal

• Purpose: A centralized data management portal aimed at improving the welfare of Building and Other Construction (BoC) workers across India.
• Functions: Compiles and analyzes data from BoCW Welfare Boards of all States and Union Territories (UTs).
  • Enhances the efficiency and effectiveness of welfare initiatives for construction workers nationwide.
• Benefits: Tracks the usage of the BoCW Cess Fund.
  • Registers workers under welfare schemes and ensures benefits like social security, insurance, healthcare, and housing.
• Integration with e-Shram Portal: Simplifies access to government schemes.
  • Ensures comprehensive welfare coverage for construction workers by linking with the e-Shram database.
• Role of States and UTs: States and UTs are encouraged to update data on the portal to ensure efficient fund utilization and enhance welfare delivery.

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Nepal’s tiger population increased from 120 in 2009 to 355 in 2022, a 296% rise.

What is Animal Diplomacy?

• Animal diplomacy refers to the practice of giving or lending animals as a gesture of friendship or goodwill between nations.
• These animals often hold cultural importance or are unique to the gifting country, making them powerful diplomatic tools.

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• Example:
  • China’s Panda Diplomacy: Originating in the Tang Dynasty, pandas were gifted by emperors to foreign rulers to symbolize peace and cooperation.
• The receiving country often takes measures to protect these animals, fostering mutual collaboration and goodwill.
• Historical Practice
  • Exotic animals like lions, elephants, and giraffes were commonly exchanged in ancient times.
  • Pharaoh Hatshepsut (ancient Egypt’s ruler) who sent a giraffe as a present to the King of Syria around 1500 BC.
• Modern Usage
  • Since the 20th century, animal diplomacy has become a tool for soft power.
  • It is now part of public diplomacy strategies used by some countries.
• Significance
  • Animal diplomacy helps build and strengthen international relationships.
    • It showcases cultural heritage and promotes goodwill among nations.
  • Soft Power Strategy
    • Using animals to project a nation’s values and increase its global appeal.
    • Example: Australia’s “Koala Diplomacy” showcases Australian culture and wildlife conservation efforts.
  • Collaborative Conservation Efforts
    • Joint initiatives to protect endangered species and habitats promote trust and partnership.
    • Example: Russia and China’s agreement to protect the endangered Siberian tiger strengthens environmental collaboration.

Negative Impacts of Animal Diplomacy

• Harm to Animal Welfare
  • Transport and captivity can cause stress, harming animals’ health.
  • Example: Pandas often face health problems when unable to adapt to foreign climates.
• Exploitation for Political Gains
  • Animals are treated as political commodities, ignoring their intrinsic worth.
  • Example: Animals are exchanged as diplomatic symbols instead of being prioritized for conservation.
• Displacement from Natural Habitat
  • Removing animals from their natural environment disrupts ecosystems and harms biodiversity.
  • Example: Taking endangered species as gifts can negatively affect local ecological balance.

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• Potential Cultural Conflicts: Animal gifts may clash with the cultural or ethical values of recipient countries.
  • Example: Gifting cows to vegetarian communities may create cultural or religious controversies.

Tigers Diplomacy in Nepal 

• Shikar Diplomacy:
  • During the Rana regime (1846-1951), Nepal organized lavish hunting expeditions for British aristocrats in the Terai region..
    • These events were used as a diplomatic tool to secure political and military favors from the British.
  • Consequences of Excessive Hunting
    • Excessive hunting activities during this period caused a drastic decline in Nepal’s wildlife population.
    • By the mid-20th century, several species were on the brink of extinction.
  • Other Wildlife as Diplomatic Tools
    • Nepal has a history of gifting endangered animals:
      • One-horned rhinos: Exported 26 rhinos to countries like the US, UK, Japan, and China since 1985.
      • Elephants: In 2024, Nepal gifted two elephants to Qatar.
        • Unlike Nepal, China loans pandas instead of gifting them.

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Mazagon-Thyssenkrupp JV likely to secure Indian Navy’s Rs 70,000 crore stealth submarine deal after L&T-Navantia bid rejected due to failing to meet the technical requirements of a proven air-independent propulsion (AIP) system.

About AIP technology

• AIP is a technology used in submarines to improve their underwater endurance and reduce noise levels, making them harder to detect. 
  • It allows submarines to operate for longer periods without the need to surface frequently for air.
• Historical Context: Traditional diesel-electric submarines had limited underwater endurance, needing to surface frequently to charge batteries. 
  • The emergence of AIP addressed this issue, significantly enhancing submarine capabilities.
• Origins: The concept of AIP dates back to the early 20th century when the Imperial Russian Navy launched the submarine Pochtovy in 1908, which utilized a gasoline engine fed with compressed air and exhausted underwater.

AIP Technology

• Electricity generation: AIP systems generate electricity to power an electric motor for submarine propulsion or to recharge batteries.
• Auxiliary power source: These systems serve as auxiliary power sources, complementing diesel engines that are primarily used for surface propulsion.
• Retrofitting: AIP systems can be retrofitted into existing submarines by inserting a new hull section designed to house the AIP module.

Advantages of AIP

• Extended Underwater Endurance: AIP allows submarines to remain submerged for significantly longer durations, enhancing operational capabilities.
  • It can provide submarines with up to 21 days of underwater endurance.
• Reduced Noise Levels: AIP systems produce less noise compared to traditional diesel engines, increasing stealth and reducing detection risks.

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Types of AIP Technologies

• Fuel Cells: Fuel cells are the most widely used AIP technology.
  • They generate electricity by converting hydrogen and oxygen into water, producing minimal noise and emissions.
• Stirling Engines: Stirling engines use liquid oxygen and diesel to generate power underwater.
  • They are known for their simplicity and reliability.
• Bio-Ethanol-Based Systems (BEST): These systems use bio-ethanol to produce hydrogen and oxygen for fuel cells.
  • They enhance stealth by eliminating the need for surface snorkel operations.

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The study, published in the journal Nature Climate Change, revealed that 40 per cent of Arctic Boreal Zone has become a carbon source, releasing more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than it absorbs, marking a shift from its role as a carbon sink for millennia.

• The study aligns with findings from the NOAA’s 2024 Arctic Report Card, which highlighted the Arctic tundra’s transition from a carbon sink to a carbon source due to rising temperatures and wildfire activity.

Key Study Findings

• 30% of the Arctic was a net carbon dioxide source during 2001–2020, and 40% when fire emissions were included.
• Fire emissions in the Arctic significantly contribute to the region’s shift into a carbon source.
• Emissions from non-summer months (Sept-May) are higher than the carbon absorbed in the summer months (June-Aug), contributing to the carbon source.
• Contributing Factors to the Shift
  • Longer growing seasons and increased microbial activity have gradually shifted carbon trajectories.
  • Increased frequency and intensity of wildfires have further exacerbated the situation.
  • Permafrost thaw releases vast amounts of carbon stored in the frozen ground as greenhouse gases, accelerating global warming.
• Impact of Greening: 49% of the region is experiencing “greening” due to longer growing seasons and increased vegetation.
  • However, only 12% of the region acts as a net carbon sink annually, as greening is offset by warming temperatures and permafrost thawing.
• Role of Permafrost: Permafrost stores large amounts of carbon in the form of frozen organic material.
  • As permafrost thaws due to rising temperatures, this organic matter is decomposed by microbes, releasing CO2 and methane.

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Arctic Boreal Zone

• The Arctic Boreal Zone, located along the Arctic Circle, is the vast northern ecosystem that spans across 26 million square kilometers, including:
  • Tundra (treeless regions)
  • Boreal forests (taiga)
  • Wetlands
• It is found primarily in regions like Alaska, Canada, Northern Europe, and Siberia.
• Indigenous communities in the Arctic Boreal Zone. 
  • Inuit: The most widespread Arctic coastal people, living from Arctic Russia to Canada to Greenland. The word “Inuit” means “the people” in the Inuit language of Inuktut. 
  • Saami: Live in the circumpolar areas of Finland, Sweden, Norway, and Northwest Russia. 
  • Aleut: Also known as Unangan, lives in Alaska. 
  • Yupik: Also known as Yupiit, lives in Alaska. 

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• Climate Characteristics
  • The region experiences extreme cold with long, harsh winters and short summers.
  • Permafrost (frozen ground) is a defining feature, remaining below 0°C for at least two consecutive years.
  • Short growing season with limited sunlight for vegetation growth, especially in the tundra areas.
  • Cold-adapted species such as reindeer, Arctic foxes, and various migratory bird species inhabit the region.
  • Role as a Carbon Sink: Historically, the Arctic Boreal Zone has acted as a carbon sink, meaning it absorbed more carbon than it emitted.
  • It is known for being soil organic carbon reservoirs.
  • This role was due to:
    • The presence of vast areas of forests and wetlands that sequester carbon through vegetation and soil.
    • Permafrost, which locks up vast amounts of carbon and organic matter.

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Mission SCOT

Context: The Prime Minister of India recently lauded the Indian space startup Digantara at the success of Mission SCOT.

Mission SCOT (Space Camera for Object Tracking)

• About: It is one of the world’s first commercial satellites for Space Situational Awareness (SSA), designed to enhance tracking and monitoring of Resident Space Objects (RSOs).
• Developer: Digantara, an Indian space startup supported by Aditya Birla Ventures and SIDBI.
• Launch Vehicle: Deployed onboard SpaceX’s Transporter-12 mission.
• Orbit: Operates in a sun-synchronous orbit for efficient Low Earth Orbit (LEO) tracking.
• Key Features
  • Capabilities:
    • Tracks Resident Space Objects (RSOs) as small as 5 cm.
    • Provides high revisit rates and superior tracking accuracy.
    • Monitors space debris, enhancing collision risk management and space traffic safety.
  • Technological Edge: Unaffected by traditional limitations like Field of View (FoV), weather, and geographic constraints.
    • Continuous and reliable surveillance for safer space operations.
• Aims and Objectives
  • Space Safety: Reduce collision risks through real-time space debris tracking.
    • Support effective space traffic management.
  • National Security: Strengthen capabilities for protecting space assets.
  • Filling Gaps: Address limitations of current space monitoring systems.

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About Space Situational Awareness (SSA)

• Space Situational Awareness (SSA) is the knowledge and practice of tracking space objects and their environment. 
• It’s a crucial part of space activities, helping to keep space safe and sustainable.

Keeling Curve

Context: Atmospheric CO₂ levels reached a record high in 2024, driven by wildfires and human activities, as reported by the Keeling Curve.

About Keeling Curve

• Definition: The Keeling Curve is a record of atmospheric CO₂ levels measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, US.
• Graph Representation: The graph illustrates the concentration of CO₂ in the Earth’s atmosphere over time, expressed in parts per million (ppm).
• Origin: The Keeling Curve was developed by Charles David Keeling, who began recording CO₂ levels in 1958.
• Seasonal Oscillations:
  • The curve exhibits a zigzag pattern due to seasonal fluctuations in CO₂ absorption:
    • CO₂ levels decrease in spring and summer as plants absorb more CO₂ for photosynthesis.
    • CO₂ levels increase in winter when plants decay and release CO₂.

Mannan Community

Context: The head of the Mannan community and the  only tribal king in Kerala  will participate in the Republic Day parade in Delhi as a guest of the Scheduled Tribes Development Department.

• This event marks the first time a tribal king will attend the Republic Day parade.

About Mannan Community

• Scheduled Tribe (ST) of Kerala: The Mannan community is recognized as a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in Kerala.
• Unique Kingship: It is the only Adivasi tribal dynasty with a kingship currently existing in South India.
• Settlement Areas:
  • The community is mainly settled in the buffer zone of the Idukki Wildlife Sanctuary, specifically at Kozhimala.
  • Kozhimala serves as the hub of the tribe and consists of 48 settlements ruled by a king.
• Language: The Mannan community uses a unique dialect that blends elements of Tamil and Malayalam.
• Descent System: They follow a matrilineal system of descent.
• Election of the Ruler: The ruler, known as Raja Mannan, is elected by the community headmen from among those eligible by heredity.
• Unique Ritual Art:
  • The Mannan community performs a unique tribal art form called Mannankoothu.
  • This art form narrates stories from the classic Tamil poem Silappathikaram.

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Indian Navy vessel finishes hydrographic survey of Mauritius

Context: INS Sarvekshak, an Indian Navy vessel, completed the hydrographic survey of Mauritius, covering over 25,000 square nautical miles.

• The survey’s outputs, including fair sheets, nautical charts, and survey equipment, were officially handed over to Mauritius President Dharambeer Gokhool.

About Hydrographic Survey

• A hydrographic survey is the process of measuring and mapping water bodies like oceans, rivers, and lakes.
• It involves studying the depth, shape, tides, currents, and underwater features to ensure safe navigation, aid construction projects, and manage water resources. 
• These surveys use equipment like sonar, GPS, and echo sounders for accurate data collection

Significance of the Mission

• The newly developed nautical chart will aid Mauritius in enhancing maritime infrastructure, resource management, and coastal development planning.
• The initiative underscores the partnership between India and Mauritius in promoting maritime development and regional cooperation.
• It aligns with India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) initiative.

Indian Navy’s Hydrographic Efforts

• Over the last five years, Indian Navy survey ships have conducted joint operations with friendly nations, covering 89,000 sq. km and producing 96 nautical charts.
• They have contributed through capacity building and knowledge sharing, particularly in the Indian Ocean Region.

ISRO’s 100th Rocket Launch

Context: ISRO is set to achieve its 100th rocket launch in January 2025 with a GSLV mission from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.

About the 100th Launch

• NavIC Satellite Constellation: It will also feature the NVS-02 satellite, part of ISRO’s effort to enhance the second-generation Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) services.

About Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)

• The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), also called Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC), is an indigenous navigation satellite system developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
• Operational Status: The IRNSS-NavIC project became fully operational in 2018.
• Satellite Constellation: It comprises seven satellites in geostationary and geosynchronous orbits, with plans for second-generation satellites like NVS-01 and NVS-02 to enhance coverage and accuracy.
• Applications: NavIC supports applications in agriculture, disaster management, fleet tracking, and military operations, ensuring self-reliance in navigation technology.
• Global Competitor: NavIC serves as an alternative to GPS (USA), GLONASS (Russia), Galileo (EU), and BeiDou (China), solidifying India’s position in global satellite navigation technology.

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Commerce Ministry sets a target of 10000 GI tags by 2030

Context: Recently, the Minister of Commerce & Industry set a target of reaching 10,000 Geographical Indication (GI) Tags by 2030,  at  the GI Samagam in New Delhi, organized by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) and India Today Group.

• Currently, 605 GI tags have been issued by the department.
• Implementation Strategy
  • The government will constitute a committee to oversee the implementation of this target.
  • A “Whole of Government” approach will be followed to achieve the target.

About Geographical Indication (GI)

• A Geographical Indications tag is a sign that identifies a product as originating from a specific geographical region and having a distinctive quality or reputation.
• Prohibition: It  prevents its use by a third party whose product does not conform to the applicable standards. 
  • However, it does not enable the holder to prevent someone from making a product using the same techniques as those set out in the standards for that indication. 
• Applicability: It is used for Agricultural products, foodstuffs, wine and spirit drinks, handicrafts, and industrial products.
• Nodal Agency:  Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
• Validity: 10 years
• Granted by: Geographical Indication Registry in Chennai.
• Legal Framework: 
  • Agreement on TRIPS at the World Trade Organisation (WTO) governs GI.
  • The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 seeks to provide for the registration and better protection of geographical indications relating to goods in India

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