The Indian delegation, participating in the 5th session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5), called upon member States to develop clear scope and principle for the new International legally-binding instrument on plastic pollution.

More on News

• India highlighted that there should not be any overlap with mandates of other multilateral environmental agreements such as Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions and international bodies like the World Trade Organization.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

Global Plastics Treaty Negotiations

• Objective: Create a legally binding instrument to address plastic pollution at its source.

India’s Position

• Compensation for Developing Nations: Developing countries should be compensated for the costs of implementing control measures.
• Technology Transfer: Emphasized technology transfer that respects “national circumstances.”
• Dedicated Multilateral Fund:
  • Grant-based finance for developing countries.
  • Additional contributions from developed nations, separate from other financial transfers.
  • Governance by a subsidiary body to ensure transparency.
• Approach: Stressed inclusivity, consensus, and the pace of agreement while focusing primarily on financial mechanisms
• Polymer Production: Opposes restrictions on polymer production, viewing them as beyond the UNEA 2022 mandate.
• Support Mechanisms: Calls for financial and technical assistance and technology transfer in the treaty to aid developing countries.
• Chemical Regulation: Advocates for decisions on harmful chemicals to be based on scientific evidence and regulated domestically.
• Single-Use Plastic Ban: Banned 19 categories of single-use plastics in 2022 as part of its national efforts.
• Pragmatic Phase-Outs: Urges practical, nationally driven decisions on phasing out specific plastic items.

Key Events in Treaty Negotiations

• 2017:  UN Environment Assembly establishes an expert group on marine litter and plastic pollution.
• 2018: Expert group recommends exploring a global binding agreement.
• 2019: Commitments from African, Nordic, Pacific, and Caribbean nations to support a global agreement. 
• 2020: EU member states and private companies advocate for a treaty.
  • Business manifesto launched for a global plastics agreement.
• 2021: Civil Society Manifesto signed by over 700 NGOs urging treaty negotiation.
• 2022: UN Member States adopt Resolution 5/14 to work toward a legally binding treaty.INC-1 in Uruguay lays groundwork for the treaty.High Ambition Coalition launched to end plastic pollution by 2040.
• 2023: Drafting of the ‘zero draft’ treaty at INC-3 in Nairobi, Kenya.
• 2024: INC-4 (Ottawa): Rules for prohibiting problematic plastics discussed.
• INC-5 (Busan): Final negotiations for treaty by December 2024.

Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store

Need for a global plastic treaty

• Annual Production: Over 462 million tons of plastic produced globally; 90% pollutes the planet.
• As per UNEP, every day, the equivalent of 2,000 garbage trucks full of plastic are dumped into the world’s oceans, rivers, and lakes.
• Impact:
  • Environmental: Every year 19-23 million tonnes of plastic waste leaks into aquatic ecosystems, polluting lakes, rivers and seas.
  • Health: Risks include chemical exposure and microplastic ingestion, affecting human organs and biodiversity.
  • Economic: Disrupts livelihoods and economies dependent on clean environments (e.g., fishing, tourism).
• Projected Trend: Plastic pollution could triple by 2040 without urgent intervention.

• India: A recent study published in the journal Nature has revealed that India is the highest contributor to global plastic pollution. 
  • India accounts for approximately one-fifth of the total plastic waste generated worldwide.
• Facilitator of Climate Change: Plastic contributes to climate change as well. In 2020, it generated 3.6% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with 90% of those quantifiable emissions coming from plastic production, which uses fossil fuels as raw material.

Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store

Initiatives taken to Curb Plastic Pollution in India

• UNDP India’s Plastic Waste Management Program (2018-2024):  This program aims to reduce the impact of plastic waste on the environment. 
  • It was focused on improving  plastic waste management practices in India.
• Ban on Single-Use Plastics (SUP): The Ministry of Environment banned hard-to-collect and recycle Single-Use Plastic (SUP) items.
  • Manufacturing, importing, selling, and using plastic bags thinner than 120 microns is prohibited.
• Plastic Waste Management Rules: The Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022 introduced Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for plastic packaging.
  • These rules set targets for:
    • Recycling plastic packaging waste.
    • Reusing rigid plastic packaging.
    • Using recycled plastic in packaging.
• Swachh Bharat Mission: Started in 2014, aims to remove open  defecation and improve waste management. 
• India Plastics Pact: This initiative aims at transforming the life cycle of plastic. 
  • By 2030, the IPP aims to: 
    • Eliminate unnecessary or problematic plastic packaging 
    • Make 100% of plastic packaging reusable, recyclable, or compostable 
    • Achieve an average recycled content of 25% across all plastic packaging 
• Project REPLAN: Replan stands REducing Plastic in Nature.
  • It aimed to make carry bags by mixing plastic waste with cotton fibers. 
• Un-Plastic Collective: ‘un-plastic means moving all plastic in a circular economy and eliminating unnecessary plastic. 
  • This initiative aims to reduce negative environmental impact on the planet’s well -being.  
• GoLitter Partnerships Project: This initiative was taken to reduce marine plastic litter from fisheries and shipping. 

Global initiatives to tackle plastic pollution

• Closing the Loop: This project is of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.
  • Aim: To help cities in creating policy solutions to address issues related to plastic waste. 
• Global Tourism Plastics Initiative: This initiative aims to cut down the pollution levels from the tourism industry by 2025. 
  • Approach: Encouraging businesses, governments, and stakeholders to reduce plastic waste.
• UNEP Plastics Initiative: 
  • Goal: To end global plastic pollution.   
  • Approach: Shifting from a linear “take-make-dispose” model to a circular economy where plastics are reused, recycled, and repurposed.   
• Global Plastic Action Partnership (GPAP):
  • Goal: Take meaningful action to beat plastic pollution.   
  • Approach: Collaboration between businesses, governments, community groups, and experts.    
• European Union Plastics Strategy:
  • Goal: Make all plastic packaging on the EU market reusable or recyclable by 2030.
  • Approach: Strengthening regulations on recycling and promoting a science-based approach to legislation.
• New Plastics Economy Global Commitment:
  • In 2018, UNEP joined forces with the Ellen MacArthur Foundation on the Global Commitment to the New Plastics Economy. 
  • The agreement unites private and public sector leaders to pursue circular economies around plastics.
• Clean Seas campaign: 
  • In February 2017, UNEP launched it, with the aim of engaging governments, the general public, civil society, and the private sector in the fight against marine litter and plastic pollution.

Check Out UPSC Modules From PW Store

Challenges and Issues in Curbing Plastic Pollution

• Over-reliance on Plastics: Plastics are integral to industries like packaging (36% of global plastic production), construction (100 billion tonnes of waste annually), and textiles (60% of clothing materials are plastic-based). Transitioning to alternatives is expensive and logistically complex.
• Lack of Global Regulations: While 175 nations adopted a mandate for a plastics treaty (UNEA Resolution 5/14, 2022), progress is slow. Key nations and industries resist binding agreements, delaying impactful global action.
• High Costs of Alternatives: Biodegradable plastics and reusable materials are 20-50% more expensive than traditional plastics, deterring mass adoption, especially in developing economies.
• Plastic Lifecycle Issues: Harmful additives and chemicals in plastic leach into ecosystems. For instance, phthalates used in packaging contaminate soil and water, affecting biodiversity and human health.
• Marine Plastic Pollution: 9–14 million tonnes of plastic waste enter oceans annually. Ghost nets from fisheries alone contribute over 45 million kg, causing harm to marine life. For example, sea turtles often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish, leading to fatalities.
• Resistance from Industries: Petrochemical giants, like ExxonMobil and Dow, lobby heavily against restrictions on virgin plastic production. As of 2024, 98% of single-use plastics are derived from fossil fuels, sustaining their profitability.
• Recycling Inefficiencies: Only 9% of plastics are recycled globally, with the remainder incinerated (12%) or discarded (79%). Contamination from food residues and lack of segregated waste collection are major barriers.
• Microplastics Problem: Microplastics from textiles (half a million tonnes annually from laundry) and tyre wear contaminate water bodies. Studies have found microplastics in 83% of tap water samples worldwide.
• Global Trade of Plastic Waste: Developed nations export millions of tonnes of waste to countries with weaker waste management. For instance, Malaysia imported over 800,000 tonnes of plastic waste in 2021, much of which ended up polluting local ecosystems.
• Shortcomings in Policy Implementation: Policies like India’s ban on single-use plastics (2022) often fail due to poor enforcement. In contrast, Rwanda’s strict ban on plastic bags since 2008 has been a global model, proving the need for strong governance.

Way Forward to Curb Plastic Pollution

• Phasing Out Single-Use Plastics: Enforce bans on single-use plastics with strong penalties, following successful models like Rwanda’s ban since 2008, which significantly reduced plastic waste.
• Promoting Circular Economy: Encourage designing products for reuse and recycling, reducing reliance on virgin plastics. Examples include the Ellen MacArthur Foundation’s global initiatives for circular systems.
• Strengthening Waste Management Systems: Invest in infrastructure for efficient segregation, collection, and recycling, especially in countries with high waste generation like Kenya and India.
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): Mandate companies to manage post-consumer plastic waste, as seen in Germany’s Packaging Act, which funds recycling systems.
• Scaling Alternatives to Plastics: Provide R&D incentives and subsidies for affordable biodegradable or reusable materials, replicating Sweden’s investments in bioplastics.
• Addressing Microplastics: Regulate industries like textiles and fisheries and promote innovations like washing machine microfiber filters to curb ocean microplastic pollution.
• Global Collaboration: Strengthen international cooperation for funding, technology, and knowledge sharing, modeled after the success of the Montreal Protocol.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes

Conclusion

Plastic pollution is a global crisis that demands urgent, collective action. By adopting sustainable practices, enforcing regulations, and fostering innovation, we can transition towards a circular economy and safeguard ecosystems, human health, and the planet’s future. A unified global commitment is key to ensuring meaningful and lasting change.

DOWNLOAD PDF

Recently, the Army has received Sabal 20 logistics drones from EndureAir Systems, a private company incubated at IIT Kanpur for deployment in the Eastern sector.

More on News

• In another development, the IIT Kanpur announced a major advancement in stealth technology by launching the Metamaterial Surface Cloaking System — Anālakshya.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes

Eastern Sector The Eastern sector is part of the India China Border which extends through the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim. This sector is contentious.  China claims Arunachal Pradesh as part of “South Tibet”.

About Sabal 20

• The Sabal-20 is an electric unmanned helicopter that operates using variable pitch technology.
• Key Features:
  • Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) Technology: The drone is equipped with advanced VTOL technology.
  • Stealth Features:
    • The drone operates at low revolutions per minute (RPM), which reduces noise and enhances stealth in sensitive missions.
  • Advanced Capabilities:
    • It features cutting-edge autonomous flight technology, enabling reliable operations even when it is beyond the line of sight of the operator.
• Applications:
  • The Sabal-20 is ideal for precision logistics in remote and rugged areas.
  • It can be deployed for high-altitude missions and long-distance deliveries.
  • Its stealth capabilities make it particularly useful for sensitive military operations.

Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store

Anālakshya Metamaterial Surface Cloaking System (MSCS)

• The Anālakshya MSCS is a stealth technology developed by IIT Kanpur.
  • Stealth technology, also known as Low Observable (LO) technology, is a crucial aspect of modern military aviation, designed to make aircraft less detectable by radar, infrared, sonar, and other detection methods.
• This technology has been licensed to Meta Tattva Systems Pvt. Ltd. for manufacturing and deployment.
• Applications:
  • The Anālakshya MSCS is designed to enhance stealth capabilities in military operations.
  • It offers effective protection against radar-guided threats, including missiles, and significantly reduces detectability by radar systems.

DOWNLOAD PDF

The Union Cooperation Minister directed the National Federation of State Co-operative Banks (NAFSCOB) to prioritise making Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) more viable, transparent, and modern.

Key Highlights of NAFSCOB Diamond Jubilee Celebration

• Focus on PACS Reforms: It was highlighted that out of 1.05 lakh PACS, only 65,000 are currently functional and require reform.
• Expansion of Cooperative Banking: To increase the number of district cooperative banks by 50% from the current 300 in the coming years with higher deposit targets and profit margins through a focus on low-cost deposits in local areas.
• Learning from Successful Models:  He recommended studying the success of institutions like Ahmedabad District Cooperative Bank and Gujarat State Cooperative Bank as benchmarks for improvement.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

About Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)

• Structure and Role: PACS are village-level cooperative credit societies serving as the grassroots link in the three-tier cooperative credit structure, which is headed by State Cooperative Banks (SCBs) at the state level.
  • The first PACS was established in 1904.
• Regulation and Administration: PACS are registered under the Cooperative Societies Act and are administered by the respective State Registrar of Cooperative Societies (RCS).
  • SCBs and District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) are also registered under the State Cooperative Societies Act but are regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
  • PACS are not governed by the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, and therefore are outside the regulatory purview of the RBI.
• Refinancing: PACS receive refinancing through DCCBs and SCBs, facilitated by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).
• Functions: PACS provide short-term credit loans to rural borrowers and manage the collection of repayments.
  • They also offer input services, such as the distribution of seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, to member farmers.
• Contribution to Agricultural Credit: PACS account for 41% of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) loans distributed by all entities in India.
  • Of these, 95% of KCC loans through PACS are allocated to small and marginal farmers as of 2022.
• Comparison with Other Credit Channels: Although commercial banks contribute the majority (73%) of agricultural credit in India, regional rural banks (RRBs) and cooperative banks have disbursed a higher share of loans to small and marginal farmers.

Check Out UPSC Modules From PW Store

About National Federation of State Co-operative Banks Ltd. (NAFSCOB)

• NAFSCOB was established on 19th May 1964 with a view to facilitate the operations of State and Central Co-operative Banks in general and Development of Co-operative Credit in particular; Planning, Research and Development (PRD).
• Membership: Consists of State Cooperative Banks (SCBs) from various states and Union Territories.
• Role of NAFSCOB:
  • Provides financial and technical assistance to SCBs.
  • Facilitates coordination and cooperation among SCBs.
  • Represents the interests of SCBs at the national level.
  • Acts as a bridge between SCBs and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).

DOWNLOAD PDF

This article sheds light on the India’s efforts to eradicate child marriage to make child marriage-free nation by 2029.

What is Child Marriage?

• Child marriage refers to the marriage of a girl or boy before they turn 18.
• Types: It includes:
  • Formal Marriages: Legal or traditional ceremonies binding children in marriage.
  • Informal Unions: Situations where children under 18 live with a partner as though they are married.

Status of India’s Progress Against Child Marriage

• Significant Decline: Child marriages in India have halved since 2006, from 47.4% to 23.3% in 2019-21.
• Preventive Measures: Around 2 lakh child marriages were prevented in the past year.
• Global Trend: India is a significant contributor to the global decline in child marriage rates, especially in South Asia.
• Persistent Challenge: Despite progress, one in five girls in India still married before 18.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes

Factors Leading to Child Marriage in India

• Lack of Education: Limited education for girls reduces their awareness and opportunities, making them more vulnerable to early marriages.
• Perception of Girls as a Burden: Girls are often seen as financial liabilities in many families as the practice of dowry perpetuates early marriage.

• Social and Cultural Factors: Child marriages are more common in rural areas and among marginalized communities like Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
• Gender Inequality: Limited opportunities and discrimination against girls push families toward early marriages as a means of security.

Should the age of marriage be raised for girls? Pros and Cons

Legislative Framework Related to Child Marriage in India

Legislative Framework

• Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA), 2006: This act prohibits the solemnization of child marriages and provides mechanisms to prevent and address them.
  • It sets the legal age for marriage at 18 for females and 21 for males.
  • Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929: The earlier act aimed to restrain child marriages but was replaced by the PCMA, 2006.
• Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000: It defines  a child as a person below 18 years of age.
  • The act focuses on preventing and addressing juvenile delinquency.
  • It provides guidelines for protecting, treating, and rehabilitating children.
  • It ensures proper care and support for children within the juvenile justice system.
• International Commitments: India is a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and has committed to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 5, which aims to eliminate child marriage by 2030.

Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store

Government’s Initiatives

• Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat Abhiyan: The government launched the ‘Bal Vivah Mukt Bharat’ (Child Marriage-Free India) campaign to further combat child marriages.
  • Focus Areas:
    • Seven high-burden states: West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Tripura, Assam, and Andhra Pradesh.
    • Nearly 300 districts where child marriage rates exceed the national average.
  • Goal: Reduce child marriage rates to below 5% by 2029.
• UNFPA-UNICEF Global Programme to Accelerate Action to End Child Marriage.
• Child Marriage Free Bharat Portal: A platform for awareness, reporting cases, and monitoring progress.
• Encouraging Community Participation: Gram Panchayats preventing child marriages will receive a ₹50,000 reward.
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme: Launched in 2015, this initiative focuses on saving and educating the girl child, thereby addressing the root causes of child marriage.
• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Promotes education for girls, which is crucial in preventing child marriages.

DOWNLOAD PDF

The Indian Chemical Council (ICC) received the 2024 OPCW-The Hague Award during the 29th Session of the Conference of the States Parties (CSP) of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) held in  The Hague, Netherlands.

About the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)

• Entered into force in 1997; has 193 member States Parties.India is an original signatory to the CWC
  • The signatory state which has not yet ratified CWC is Israel.
  • States which have neither signed or acceded to CWC are Egypt, South Sudan and North Korea.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

• Objective:
  • To eliminate an entire category of weapons of mass destruction.
  • It prohibits the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, retention, transfer, or use of chemical weapons by States Parties.
• Unique Feature of the Convention:
  • The CWC incorporates the ‘challenge inspection’ mechanism.
    • This allows any State Party with doubts about another State Party’s compliance to request a surprise inspection.
  • Under the ‘challenge inspection’ procedure, States Parties adhere to the principle of ‘any time, anywhere’ inspections with no right of refusal.
• Implementation in India:
  • The National Authority Chemical Weapons Convention (NACWC) is responsible for implementing the Convention in India.
  • The NACWC is a statutory body established under the Chemical Weapons Convention Act, 2000.

About Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

• OPCW  is an intergovernmental organisation that oversees the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
• Purpose: To achieve a world free of chemical weapons it promotes international chemical safety and security.
• Establishment and Headquarters: The OPCW was established in 1997 with its headquarters at The Hague, Netherlands.
• Membership: The OPCW has 193 States Parties.
• Recognition: The OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2013 for its efforts to eliminate chemical weapons globally.
• The Hague Award: The OPCW established The Hague Award in 2014 to honor individuals and organizations advancing the goals of the CWC.

Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store

About the Indian Chemical Council (ICC)

• Establishment: The Indian Chemical Council (ICC) was founded in 1938 to support and drive the growth of India’s chemical industry.
• Industry Representation: The ICC represents over 80% of India’s chemical industry, which is valued at $220 billion.
• Role of ICC:
  • It serves as the apex national body representing all branches of India’s chemical industry, including organic and inorganic chemicals, plastics, and petrochemicals.
  • It acts as the voice of the Indian chemical sector, engaging with policymakers, stakeholders, and international bodies.
  • The ICC has been authorized by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India, to issue the Certificate of Origin (CO) for exporters through its offices in Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai.
    • The Certificate of Origin certifies that goods being exported originated in a specific country and is crucial for international trade.
    • This service is available to both member and non-member exporters across India.
• Key Initiatives of ICC: 
• • Nicer Globe Initiative: Focuses on improving chemical transportation safety in India and provides real-time monitoring systems and emergency response capabilities for chemical logistics.
  • Responsible Care (RC) Programme: Promotes sustainable and safe chemical industry practices.
    • Introduced the Security Code of RC to strengthen industry security measures.

DOWNLOAD PDF

Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) presented the prestigious President’s Colours to four battalions of the Mechanised Infantry.

Key highlights of the Event:

• The ceremony took place at the Mechanised Infantry Centre and School (MICS) in Ahilyanagar, Maharashtra.
• Battalions Honoured:
• • 26th and 27th Battalions of the Mechanised Infantry Regiment.
  • 20th and 22nd Battalions of the Brigade of The Guards.

Check Out UPSC Modules From PW Store

About President’s Colours Award

• The President’s Colours, also known as “Rashtrapati ka Nishaan”, is one of the highest honours conferred on a military unit, military training establishment, or State/Union Territory Police Force in India.
• Colour Flag: The award is represented by a ceremonial flag that bears the unit’s insignia and motto, symbolizing its identity, legacy, and pride.
• Historical Background: The tradition of presenting Colours dates back to colonial times, where flags represented a unit’s identity and the location of its commanders.
  • On November 23, 1950, the British Indian Army’s ‘King’s Colour’ was formally retired at Chetwode Hall in Dehradun, paving the way for the introduction of the President’s Colours under the Republic of India.
  • The Indian Navy was the first Indian Armed Force to receive the President’s Colours, awarded by Dr. Rajendra Prasad on May 27, 1951.
• Ceremonial and Symbolic Value: While Colours are no longer carried into battle, they hold immense ceremonial significance, representing a unit’s honour and commitment to service.
• Criteria for Award: The President’s Colours are awarded to units upon completing a specified period of exemplary service.

DOWNLOAD PDF

The Karnataka State Government has decided to table the Karnataka State Rural Development and Panchayat Raj University (KSRDPRU) Bill, 2024 during the Winter session of the State Legislature in Belagavi.

Implications of the KSRDPRU Bill

• This Bill seeks to amend the KSRDPRU Act, replacing the Governor with the Chief Minister as the Chancellor of the university. 
• The State Government seeks to reduce the Governor’s role in university affairs. 
• The amendment reflects a broader trend of state governments asserting greater control over higher education institutions.
  • However, this change may lead to potential conflicts with the Raj Bhavan and raises constitutional questions regarding the balance of powers between the state and the Governor.
• The move also highlights the evolving dynamics of governance in higher education and its intersection with federalism in India.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes

Governor’s Role in State Universities

• Convention: In most states, the Governor serves as the ex-officio Chancellor of universities.
• The original intent of making Governors hold the office of Chancellor and vesting some statutory powers on them was to insulate universities from political influence.
  • The Governor’s powers and responsibilities in this role are defined by the statutes governing the respective universities.
• Dual Roles of the Governor:
• • As the Governor: Functions with the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.

Governor’s Role as Chancellor

• Appoints the Vice-Chancellors by setting up a search committee, recommending a panel of names from which he/ she makes final selection and appointment.
  • Consequently, the Chancellor is also vested with the authority to grant leave or institute disciplinary action and award penalties.
• According to the University Grants Commission (UGC) Regulations, 2018, the Vice-Chancellor (VC) of a university is generally appointed by the Visitor/Chancellor from a panel of three to five candidates recommended by a Search-cum-Selection Committee.
• Power to nominate certain members to the Executive Council/ Court of the University.
• Power to take final decisions on election disputes with regard to the representation in different bodies of the universities and managing committees of its colleges.
• Power to nominate experts in the appointment of teachers of various categories in the university

Area of Discretion for Governor as Chancellor

• Discretionary Powers: As Chancellor, the Governor has discretionary powers, not bound by the advice of the Council of Ministers.
• Appointment of Vice-Chancellors: The Governor, as Chancellor, has the power to appoint Vice-Chancellors, often through a search committee process.
• Assenting to Statutes and Ordinances: The Governor can assent to or withhold assent to statutes and ordinances passed by university bodies.
• Reviewing Decisions: The Governor can review decisions of university bodies and take corrective action if necessary.
• Resolving Disputes: The Governor can intervene to resolve disputes within the university.
• Presiding over Convocations: The Governor presides over university convocations and confers degrees.
• Consultation: While not legally bound, the Governor may consult with the concerned Minister for better understanding and decision-making.
• Limitations: The Governor’s discretionary powers are subject to judicial review and constitutional limitations.
• Recommendations: The Sarkaria and Punchhi Commissions recommended limiting the Governor’s role as Chancellor to avoid potential conflicts and controversies.

Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store

Conflict Between State Legislation and UGC Regulations

• Where there is a conflict between a State University Act and the UGC Regulations, 2018, the UG Regulations prevail to the extent of the inconsistency. 
• This is based on:
  • Article 254(1) of the Constitution: If a state law is repugnant to a parliamentary law regarding a matter in the Concurrent List, the parliamentary law prevails.
  • Education falls under the Concurrent List, granting both the Union and State Governments authority. However, Entry 66 of the Union List gives the Centre overriding authority on matters related to the “coordination and determination of standards in institutions for higher education and research.”

Cases of Conflicts on Chancellor’s position

• Recently, some states have taken steps to reduce the oversight of the Governor in state public universities.
• In April 2022, the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly passed two Bills, to transfer the power of appointing the Vice-Chancellor (in public universities) from the Governor, to the state government. 
• The West Bengal government enacted a law in 2022 to remove the Governor as Chancellor of state universities, a move challenged in court.
  • The Supreme Court, however, upheld the Governor’s role as Chancellor, emphasizing their independence in university affairs.

DOWNLOAD PDF

The Department of Consumer Affairs recently announced the successful nationwide implementation of the E-Daakhil portal, a truly pan-India initiative. 

About E-Daakhil Portal

• Launched by:  the National Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission.
• It was introduced under the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, to streamline the process of filing consumer complaints in a paperless and hassle-free manner.
• Purpose: To provide consumers with an efficient and convenient mechanism to file and resolve their grievances online, without the need for physical visits to consumer forums.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

Key Features E-Daakhil Portal

About National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC)

• NCDRC is a quasi-judicial commission established in 1988 under the Consumer Protection Act of 1986. 
• Objective: To provide consumers with inexpensive, speedy, and summary redressal of disputes.
• Leadership: The NCDRC is headed by a sitting or retired judge of the Supreme Court or a sitting or retired Chief Justice of a High Court.
• Jurisdiction of NCDRC
  • The NCDRC handles complaints where the value of goods or services exceeds two crore rupees.
  • It also has appellate and revisional jurisdiction over the orders passed by State Commissions or District Forums.
• Appeals: Any person aggrieved by an order of the NCDRC may appeal to the Supreme Court of India within a period of 30 days.
• A complaint can be filed by the following:
  • An individual consumer.
  • Any voluntary consumer association registered under the Companies Act, 1956.
  • The Central Government or any State Government.
  • One or more consumers, in cases where numerous consumers share the same grievance.

Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store

Success Stories of Using e-Daakhil Portal

• The Sambalpur District Commission ruled on January 8, 2024, in favor of a complainant with a faulty Hero Electric Atria, awarding Rs. 25,000 compensation and Rs. 5,000 for litigation expenses.
• The Andaman District Commission ruled on September 1, 2022, after a case filed on April 19, 2022, in favor of a complainant charged twice for fuel due to a failed UPI transaction, ordering a refund of Rs. 3,980 with 6% interest and Rs. 10,000 for mental agony.

DOWNLOAD PDF

The Government of India launched the first round of auction for offshore mineral blocks.

Key Highlights of the Auction

• The inaugural auction of 13 mines including 3 lime mud blocks, 3 construction sand blocks and 7 polymetallic nodules and crusts.
• This development marks India’s entry into the exploration and development of undersea mineral resources within its offshore territories, advancing the nation’s mineral exploration and resource utilization capabilities.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

About Offshore Mining

• Definition: Offshore mining, also referred to as deep-sea mining, involves retrieving mineral deposits from the seabed at depths exceeding 200 meters.
• Significance:
• • Addresses the growing demand for critical metals amidst depleting terrestrial deposits.
  • Reduces India’s dependence on mineral imports, promoting self-reliance in critical resources.

Offshore Areas Mineral (Development & Regulation) Act, 2002 (OAMDR Act)

• The OAMDR Act, 2002 is administered by the Ministry of Mines.
• It governs the development and regulation of offshore mineral resources in India’s territorial waters, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), and other maritime zones.

Key Amendments in 2023

• Introduction of Transparent Auction Process: Eliminated discretionary renewals and established fair bidding for operational rights.
• Creation of Mining-Affected Persons Trust: Provides relief and rehabilitation for those affected by mining activities.
• Standard Lease Period: Set a uniform lease period of 50 years for all mining blocks.
• Composite License:
• • Combines exploration and extraction rights.
  • Allows holders to determine mineral resource presence, extent, and quality, followed by extraction if economically viable.
• Area Limits: Established limits for operating rights to ensure sustainable mining practices.

Check Out UPSC Modules From PW Store

About Critical Minerals

• Critical minerals are metallic or non-metallic elements essential for modern technologies, economies, and national security, but whose supply chains are vulnerable to disruption.
• Essential for Modern Applications: Used in advanced and low-emission technologies.
• Supply Chain Risk: Limited production sources and geopolitical factors pose supply chain risks.

Applications of Critical Minerals

• Advanced Technologies: Mobile phones, computers, fiber-optic cables, semiconductors, banknotes.
  • Plays significant role in defense, aerospace, and medical applications.
• Low-Emission Technologies: Electric vehicles, wind turbines, solar panels, and rechargeable batteries.
• Industrial Uses: Stainless steel production and electronics manufacturing.

DOWNLOAD PDF

India successfully tested a nuclear-capable ballistic missile with a range of approximately 3,500 km from the nuclear-powered submarine INS Arighaat in the Bay of Bengal.

Key Highlights of the Test

• The test was  conducted off the coast of Visakhapatnam, marking a significant advancement in India’s nuclear deterrence and strategic capabilities.
• The missile tested was the K-4, which enhances India’s second-strike capability under its nuclear triad.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes

About INS Arighaat

• The INS Arighaat is India’s Second Indigenous Nuclear-Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine (S SBN) indigenously built nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, following the INS Arihant, its predecessor.
• It was constructed at the Indian Navy’s Ship Building Centre (SBC) in Visakhapatnam.

Features of INS Arighaat

• Nuclear Reactor Technology: Both the INS Arighaat and its predecessor, the INS Arihant, are powered by pressurized light-water nuclear reactors.
  • This allows them to remain submerged for extended periods compared to conventional diesel-electric submarines, which must surface frequently to recharge their batteries.

• Missile Capabilities: The submarine can carry:
  • Four K-4 Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles (SLBMs), each with a range of over 3,500 kilometers.
  • Alternatively, twelve K-15 SLBMs, capable of carrying conventional warheads with a range of around 750 kilometers.
• Speed and Submersion: On the surface, the submarine can achieve a maximum speed of 12–15 knots (22–28 km/h).
  • When submerged, it can reach a higher speed of 24 knots (44 km/h), enhancing its stealth and maneuverability underwater.

Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store

Significance of the Test

• Strengthening Nuclear Deterrence: Demonstrates India’s ability to deliver a second strike in case of a nuclear attack, bolstering its strategic capabilities.
• Advancement in SLBM Technology: The successful launch of the K-4 missile ensures India’s place among nations capable of deploying nuclear weapons from submarines.
• Boost to Indigenous Defense Technology: Highlights India’s advancements in building nuclear-powered submarines and long-range missile systems indigenously.

DOWNLOAD PDF

In a recent study published in the journal Nature, Moiré materials made from semiconductor materials have also exhibited superconducting properties.

About the Study

• Objective: To explore the reason as to why the semiconductor moiré materials behave differently from graphene in terms of superconductivity to further advance understanding of quantum materials.
• Importance: This study created newer avenues to explore superconductivity in semiconductor-based systems and also offered valuable insights into the material’s electronic structure changes when its 2D layers are twisted.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

DOWNLOAD PDF

The current ceasefire proposal between Israel and Lebanon draws on the provisions of Resolution 1701 passed by the UN Security Council (UNSC) in 2006.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

Background of Resolution 1701

• Conflict Origin: In July 2006, Israel invaded Lebanon after Hezbollah killed three Israeli soldiers and kidnapped two others. 
  • This war lasted over a month, leading to over 1,000 Lebanese and 170 Israeli deaths.
    • Hezbollah (Party of God in Arabic) is an Iran-backed militant group that formed in 1982 to fight Israel’s occupation of southern Lebanon.

About Resolution 1701

• Adoption: The UNSC Resolution 1701 was adopted unanimously in 2006.
• Objectives: It aims at full cessation of hostilities between Hezbollah and Israel, and calls for the creation of a buffer zone as well as a permanent ceasefire.
• Completion of Israel’s Withdrawal: The resolution meant to complete the withdrawal of Israeli forces in 2000 from southern Lebanon along the ‘Blue Line’ and the Israel-annexed Golan Heights.

Key Provisions of Resolution 1701

• Disarmament of Armed Groups: Full implementation of the Taif Accords and UNSC resolutions 1559 (2004) and 1680 (2006), requiring the disarmament of all armed groups in Lebanon, so there will be no weapons or authority in the country other than that of the Lebanese State.
• Foreign Forces: No foreign forces in Lebanon without the Government’s consent
• Arms Supply: No sales or supply of arms and related materials to Lebanon except as authorised by its Government

Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store

• Landmine Maps: Provision to the UN of all remaining maps of landmines in Lebanon in Israel’s possession
• Respect for the Blue Line: Full respect by both parties for the Blue Line and security arrangements to prevent the resumption of hostilities, including an area free of any armed personnel, assets and weapons other than those of the Lebanese authorities and UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) between the Blue Line and the Litani River.
• UNIFIL Deployment: The Security Council thus authorised the UNIFIL force strength to a maximum of 15,000 U.N. peacekeepers to monitor the end of hostilities, help secure the area with Lebanese troops and ensure the safe return of displaced Lebanese.

Current Ceasefire Proposal (2024)

• Cessation of Hostilities: The US-backed proposal falls firmly within the limits of the Resolution 1701 and calls for a cessation of hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah within 60 days. 
  • This period will allow Hezbollah fighters to retreat 40 kilometres away from the Israel-Lebanon border.
• Israeli Withdrawal: Israeli ground forces are expected to withdraw from the Lebanese territory they have occupied since October 2023.
• Monitoring: Lebanon is expected to implement a rigorous supervision of Hezbollah’s movements south of the country’s Litani river, to prevent militants from regrouping there.
  • These would be monitored by UN peacekeeping troops, the Lebanese military and a multinational committee.
• Israel: has vowed to resume military operations in case of a breach of the agreement.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes

Reasons Behind Israel’s Agreement to the Ceasefire Deal

• Official Reasons by Prime Minister Netanyahu: 
  • Focus on Iran: Israel aims to direct its attention toward countering Iran.
  • Replenishment of Resources: Allowing Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) to regroup and restock supplies.
  • Separation of Fronts: Taking one adversary (Hamas or Hezbollah) out of the conflict to prevent fighting on multiple fronts.
• Additional Reasons:
  • Israel’s civil-military framework: The Former Defense Minister and IDF Chief of Staff pushed for a ceasefire, raising concerns over the government’s unclear military objectives and long-term strategy.
  • Strategic Challenges in Lebanon: A prolonged military presence in Lebanon risked exhausting the IDF and potentially bolstering Hezbollah’s domestic support.
  • Hezbollah’s Resilience: Despite significant losses, Hezbollah demonstrated sustained strike capabilities, firing 250 rockets just two days before the ceasefire.
    • Israel’s advance to the Litani River marked a symbolic victory, but the ceasefire was necessary to avoid a costly and extended conflict.

DOWNLOAD PDF

India gets re-elected to UN Peacebuilding Commission for 2025-2026

Context: India has been re-elected to the UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) for the 2025-2026 term, reaffirming its commitment to global peace efforts.

Significance of India’s Re-election

• Reinforces India’s longstanding commitment to peacebuilding efforts.
• Strengthens India’s role in shaping global strategies for conflict resolution and peace sustainability.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Course

About the Peacebuilding Commission (PBC)

• The PBC is an intergovernmental advisory body focused on supporting peace efforts in conflict-affected regions.
• It provides advice to the UN General Assembly and Security Council on peacebuilding and sustaining peace.
• Members: 31 (elected from the general assembly, the security council, and the economic and social council. 
• Strategic Approach
  • Serves as a link between key UN organs and agencies to align peacebuilding needs and priorities.
• Key Functions of the PBC
  • Country-Specific and Regional Engagements
    • Supports nationally-led peacebuilding initiatives, especially in conflict-affected areas.
  • Collaboration with UN Entities
    • Ensures coordination among humanitarian, development, and peace actors among country teams.

PM e-Drive

Context: The Union government has advanced the second phase of incentives for the buyers of cargo electric three-wheelers under  the PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) scheme.

Key Highlights of the Notification

• Advancement of Phase II Subsidies:
  • The second phase of subsidies for electric cargo three-wheelers has been advanced.
  • Initially scheduled for April 1, 2025, Phase II was launched early due to the rapid achievement of FY25 targets.
• Revised Subsidy Structure for Phase II:
  • Subsidies capped at ₹25,000 per vehicle for FY25, down from ₹50,000 per vehicle.

PM E-Drive Scheme 

• The PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) scheme was launched on October 1, 2024.
• The scheme aims to promote the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) across India.
• It has been approved with a budget outlay of ₹10,900 crore over a period of two years.
• It builds upon the achievements of FAME in promoting domestic EV manufacturing and consumer adoption while addressing gaps in EV infrastructure.

Check Out UPSC CSE Books From PW Store

Key Features of the scheme

• Subsidies for EV Buyers:
  • A total of ₹3,679 crore has been allocated for subsidies and demand incentives under the scheme.
  • The introduction of E-Vouchers simplifies the electric vehicle purchase process.
  • Subsidies are provided upfront to reduce the initial cost for buyers.
  • The scheme covers: Electric two-wheelers (e-2Ws), Electric three-wheelers (e-3Ws), Electric ambulances, Electric trucks and Other emerging electric vehicles.
• Incentives for Specific Vehicles:
  • Electric Trucks: Additional incentives are provided for purchases made after scrapping old trucks, with eligibility verified through authorised MoRTH Vehicle Scrapping Centres (RVSFs).
• Support for Charging Infrastructure:
  • Convenience Energy Services Limited (CESL) is tasked with setting up essential charging infrastructure.
  • Charging stations will be established in nine major cities:
    • Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Bengaluru, Pune, and Hyderabad.
  • The scheme also focuses on supporting intercity and interstate electric bus charging in consultation with state governments.
• Vehicle Testing and Infrastructure Development:
  • A dedicated fund of ₹780 crore has been allocated for the development and enhancement of vehicle testing infrastructure.
  • Focus on ensuring high safety and performance standards for electric vehicles.

DOWNLOAD PDF