India is celebrating 76 years of its Constitution, which remains a uniquely Indian document designed to regulate the State and reform society.

Western vs Indian Constitutional Philosophy

• Western Focus on State Power: Western constitutionalism emerged from Liberalism and treated the State as the primary threat, making constitutions as tools to restrain governmental authority.
• Indian Recognition of Social Oppression: Indian Constitution-makers understood that oppression in India also came from social structures such as caste hierarchies, Khap Panchayats, and landlordism.

Constitution as a Social Document

• Granville Austin’s Characterisation: Granville Austin described the Indian Constitution as a “social document,” highlighting its role in transforming society rather than merely establishing political institutions.
• Tackling Inequality Beyond the State: Indian inequality existed between citizens themselves, so the Constitution included provisions to directly fight social discrimination.
• Articles Addressing Social Evils:
  • Article 15(2): It prohibits citizens from discriminating against others in accessing public facilities.
  • Article 17: Abolishes untouchability and outlaws its practice in any form.
  • Article 23: It bans forced labour and combats exploitative social customs such as begar and feudal landlordism.
• Group Rights and Affirmative Action: 
  • Community as a Unit of Protection: Indian constitutionalism recognised that individuals derive security from their communities, and therefore group rights are essential for meaningful freedom.
  • Minority and Gender Protections: Articles 29 and 30 safeguard cultural and educational rights of minorities, while several provisions ensure special protections for women.
  • Early Adoption of Affirmative Action: India constitutionalised reservations for SC/ST communities in 1950, adopting anti-discrimination measures a decade ahead of the US Civil Rights Act of 1964.

India’s Distinct Model of Secularism

• Western Separation vs Indian Distance: Western nations follow strict church–state separation, whereas India practices “principled distance,” allowing state intervention when required for social reform.
• Personal Laws for Minority Security: India permits Muslims, Christians, and Parsis to retain personal laws, helping minorities feel secure—an approach absent in Western systems with uniform civil laws.
• Core Constitutional Secular Norms: Despite cultural accommodation, the Indian Constitution mandates that the State has no religion, prohibits religious taxes, and bans religious instruction in government schools (Article 28).

Recognised Imperfections in the Constitution

• Powerful Executive: Colonial-era provisions like Preventive Detention and modern equivalents of Sedition grant excessive discretionary power to the Executive.
• Emergency Provisions and Rights Suspension: Emergency provisions enable temporary suspension of rights and reflect the colonial logic of maintaining order over liberty.
• Qualified Fundamental Rights: Fundamental Rights in India are not absolute and include reasonable restrictions, giving the State wide room to justify intrusions into personal freedoms.

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Conclusion

India’s Constitution has survived 76 years because it uniquely addresses both State tyranny and societal tyranny. In an unequal society, equality requires sensitive treatment of marginalized groups, proving that unity does not demand uniformity.

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