Focussing on building up highly-subsidised man-made capital at the costs of natural, human and social capital, has worsened economic, social, educational and health disparities

Wayanad Tragedy Exposes The Gulf Between Haves And Have-Nots

• Impact: Entire villages—Mundakkai, Chooralmala, Attamala, Noolpuzha—buried under debris with at least 300 lives lost.
• Societal Implications: Tragedy highlights the disparity between the haves and the have-nots.
• Environmental Insights: Mudflow destroyed eucalyptus plantations but left a single Ficus beddomei tree standing. Indicates that replacing original vegetation with exotics like eucalyptus contributed to the disaster.
• Forest Management Debate: Debate on the role of village communities versus state control of forests.
• Gulf Between Haves And Have-Nots: The story of tea planters and the labourers forced to live in the gorges tells us much about the history of forest and land management in India.

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Concept of Capital Stocks

• Four types of capital stocks:
  • Natural Capital: Water, vegetation, biodiversity, agriculture, animal husbandry, fish production.
  • Social Capital: Cooperative behavior, sense of security.
  • Human Capital: Education, health, employability.
  • Man-Made Capital: Infrastructure and development.
• India’s focus: Building heavily subsidized man-made capital.
• Impact on other capitals:
  • Natural Capital: Degradation due to increased human interventions (mines, quarries, roads, buildings on hill slopes).
  • Human Capital: Worsened disparities in economic, social, educational, and health sectors.
  • Social Capital: Erosion of cooperative behavior and security.
• Resulting issues:
• • Increased frequency and intensity of human interventions in ecologically sensitive areas.
  • Negative impact on overall social welfare and international competitiveness of industries.

Recommendations and Challenges of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) Guidelines

• WGEEP Guidelines: Regulate and promote developmental activities based on ecological sensitivity.
  • Zones: High, moderate, and low ecological sensitivity
• Approach: Initiate a bottom-up democratic decision-making process with Gram sabhas and mohalla sabhas as starting points.
• Nature of Guidelines: Not final or rigid but meant to start a participatory process.
• Government Response and Impact:
  • Neglect: Governments have ignored WGEEP proposals.
  • Consequences: Increased frequency of floods and landslides. Landslides in Maharashtra Western Ghats increased 100-fold from 2011 to 2020.
• Need for Stringent Actions: Protect nature and empower decentralized democratic institutions.

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Conclusion

The Wayanad tragedy underscores severe disparities and ecological mismanagement, emphasizing the urgent need for stringent environmental protections and empowered local decision-making to address these crises.

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