The Supreme Court recently took a serious view that the Central Information Commission (CIC), under the Right to Information (RTI) Act, has eight vacancies out of a total eleven sanctioned posts.

About RTI Act, 2005

• Enactment and Implementation: The RTI Act was enacted in June 2005 and came into force in October 2005.
• Purpose:  To provide citizens the right to access information under the control of Public Authorities (PAs).
• Nodal Agency: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances, and Pensions (MoPPG&P).

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Background

• 1990: Former Prime Minister V.P. Singh first proposed the idea of the RTI 

• 1994: The Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) launched the first grassroots campaign for the RTI 
• 1996: The National Campaign for People’s RTI was formed and drafted the first version of the RTI law 
• 1997: Tamil Nadu became the first state to pass an RTI law 
• Freedom of Information Act, 2002: India initially introduced the Freedom of Information Act, 2002, to promote transparency and accountability. 
  • This was later replaced by the RTI Act, 2005, to strengthen these principles.

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Key Features of the RTI Act

• Institutional Framework: 
  • The Central Information Commission (CIC) and State Information Commissions (SICs) are established to oversee the Act’s implementation and to address appeals regarding the denial of information.
  • Public Information Officers (PIOs) are appointed at both the central and state levels to provide information to citizens as per their requests.
• Provision for Appeal: 
  • An appeal can be made to a departmental Appellate Authority and also a second appeal can be made, if the decision of the Appellate Authority is not satisfactory. 
• Rights Provided Under the Act:
  • The Act allows every citizen to request information from public authorities.
  • Section 4 mandates public authorities to maintain records systematically and proactively disclose specific categories of information to minimize formal RTI requests.
• Applicability:
  • The Act applies to all public authorities, including government bodies established by the Constitution, legislation, or notifications.
  • Organizations and NGOs that receive substantial funding from the government, whether directly or indirectly, are also covered.
• Exemptions:
  • Section 8 specifies certain exemptions, such as information related to national security, personal privacy, or trade secrets.
  • Provision for Exceptions under Section 8 of the RTI Act:
    • The sovereignty and integrity of India
    • Security, strategic, scientific or economic interests of the State 
    • Relations with Foreign States 

• • • Lead to incitement of an offense 
    • Section 8 (2) provides exemption under Official Secrets Act, 1923.
  • Certain intelligence and security organizations listed in the Second Schedule, like the Intelligence Bureau (IB), RAW, and National Technical Research Organisation (NTRO), are excluded from the Act’s purview.
• Time Frame and Appeals:
  • Information must be provided within 30 days of a request, or within 48 hours if the matter concerns life or liberty.
  • Citizens can file appeals if they are denied information or are dissatisfied with the response provided by PIOs.
• Jurisdiction:
  • The Act bars lower courts from entertaining suits or applications related to RTI requests. 
  • However, writ jurisdiction under Articles 32 and 226 of the Constitution remains unaffected.

Amendments to the Act

• The RTI (Amendment) Act, 2019 gave the central government the authority to determine the tenure, salaries, and terms of service for CICs and Information Commissioners (ICs), raising concerns about their independence.
• The Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 amended Section 8(1)(j) to exempt all personal information from disclosure under the RTI Act.

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Significance of the Right to Information (RTI)

• Empowerment of Citizens: RTI empowers citizens to actively participate in the democratic process by providing access to information about government policies, decisions, and activities.
  • It strengthens the role of individuals in questioning and holding authorities accountable.
• Promotion of Transparency: Proactive disclosure of information by public authorities (as mandated by Section 4 of the RTI Act) ensures transparency in governance. It minimizes secrecy in the functioning of public institutions.
  • Example: RTI revealed irregularities in the coal block allocation (Coalgate scam), compelling systemic reforms in resource allocation.
• Accountability in Governance: RTI establishes a mechanism for public authorities to justify their actions and decisions.
  • It helps citizens monitor government efficiency and ensures that officials remain answerable for their conduct.
  • RTI uncovered the non-utilization of funds allocated under the Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme (MPLADS) in several constituencies, ensuring better utilization of public money.
• Tool to Combat Corruption: By uncovering malpractices and irregularities, RTI acts as a powerful instrument to fight corruption.
  • Example: The RTI Act was instrumental in exposing the Adarsh Housing Society scam in Maharashtra.
• Effective Implementation of Policies: RTI enhances the implementation of government schemes and welfare programs by enabling citizens to verify and monitor their progress.
  • Example: RTI was used in Rajasthan to expose discrepancies in MGNREGA records.
• Strengthening Democracy: RTI fosters participatory democracy by creating an informed citizenry.
  • It ensures that the government remains responsive to the needs of the people.
• Encouragement of Better Record-Keeping: The obligation to disclose information encourages public authorities to maintain records systematically and efficiently.
  • Following multiple RTI queries, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs revamped its filing systems under the MCA21 initiative to improve access to corporate records.
• Enhancing Public Trust: Transparency and accountability foster trust between the government and its citizens.
• Safeguarding Fundamental Rights: RTI strengthens fundamental rights like freedom of speech and expression (Article 19(1)(a)) by enabling access to essential information.
• Promoting Good Governance: RTI serves as a cornerstone for good governance by fostering accountability, transparency, and citizen empowerment.

Challenges in the Implementation of the RTI Act

• Functional Challenges
  • Vacancies in Information Commissions: Many Central and State Information Commissions (CICs and SICs) remain under-staffed, with several posts, including Chief Information Commissioners, lying vacant.
    • As of Oct 2024, seven out of 29 state information commissions (SICs) in India were defunct or understaffed due to vacancies.
  • Backlog of Appeals and Complaints: Over 4 lakh appeals and complaints are pending under the Right to Information Act as of June 30, leading to significant delays in grievance redressal.
    • Some SICs take over a year to dispose of cases, undermining the effectiveness of the Act.
  • Inadequate Gender Representation: Since 2005, only 9 % of all Information Commissioners have been women, highlighting gender imbalance.
• Structural Challenges
  • Exemptions under Section 8: Exemptions for reasons like national security and personal privacy are often misused to deny information.
  • Dilution through Amendments: The RTI (Amendment) Act, 2019 gave the Central Government the power to determine the tenure, salary, and service conditions of Information Commissioners, potentially affecting their independence.
• Procedural Challenges
  • Bureaucratic Resistance: Public officials are often reluctant to disclose information to protect themselves from scrutiny or to conceal inefficiency and corruption.
  • Non-Compliance by Political Parties: Despite being brought under the RTI Act’s purview, major political parties have not appointed Public Information Officers (PIOs).
  • Delays in Providing Information: While the Act mandates information to be provided within 30 days, delays are common due to inefficiency or lack of accountability.
• Awareness and Safety: 
  • Safety Concerns for RTI Activists: Activists who expose corruption or misuse of power face threats, harassment, and even violence.
    • Several RTI activists have been attacked or killed in retaliation for seeking information.
  • Weak Whistleblower Protection: The Whistleblowers Protection Act, 2014, lacks robust provisions to safeguard those who expose wrongdoing, including RTI activists.

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Way Forward for RTI in India

• Filling Vacancies: Ensure timely appointments to CICs and SICs to reduce pendency and improve efficiency.
• Recommendations from the 2nd ARC:
  • The 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) in its report “Right to Information – Master Key to Good Governance” recommended the establishment of a National Coordination Committee (NCC) to monitor RTI implementation, evaluate its impact, and ensure the smooth functioning of the national portal for RTI.
  • It also recommended awareness campaigns to be entrusted to credible non-profit organizations at the state level and the recruitment of adequate staff in public authorities for proper RTI functioning.
• Enhancing Awareness: Conduct widespread awareness campaigns, especially in rural and marginalized areas.
• Protecting RTI Activists: Introduce robust mechanisms to safeguard whistleblowers and activists.
• Strengthening the Whistleblowers Protection Act: Introduce stringent provisions and enforcement mechanisms to protect whistleblowers and RTI activists from threats, harassment, and violence.
• Improving Record Management: Digitize records and provide adequate training to PIOs for better record maintenance and retrieval.
• Independent Functioning of Information Commissioners: Amend the RTI Act to ensure the autonomy of Information Commissions by shielding them from political or executive interference.

Conclusion

The Right to Information Act is a crucial tool for ensuring transparency, accountability, and citizens’ empowerment in governance. However, addressing the challenges of vacancies, delays, procedural inefficiencies, and the protection of RTI activists is essential to fully realize its potential in fostering an open and accountable government.

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Sony’s PS5 Pro is not to be launched in India as India has not yet allowed  6GHz wireless band used in IEEE 802.11be (Wi-Fi 7).

About the 6GHz WiFi Spectrum

• The 6 GHz spectrum is a 1200 MHz wide band of radio waves used for Wi-Fi 6E and Wi-Fi 7.  
  • WiFi 6 technology uses both 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequencies simultaneously, with greater efficiency, resulting in better speeds.
• Spectrum: The spectrum lies between the band size of 5,925MHz and 7,125MHz.
• Maximum Speed: Theoretically the technology can support maximum speeds upto  to 9.6Gbps. 
• Connection: Devices need to connect to a wireless access point (AP) that supports the 6.0 GHz band to access Wi-Fi 6GHz.
  • Access points are the central hub of a wireless network, enabling devices to connect and communicate with each other.

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• Introduction: The WiFi 6E Spectrum was delicensed for use by 2021 by several regulatory authorities around the world like 
  • Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, the U.K., and the U.S. began delicensing a third band of spectrum for WiFi. 
• Features: 
  • Expanded Bandwidth: The 6GHz band provides more than double the bandwidth of the combined 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands allowing for faster data transmission and improved performance.
  • Reduced Latency: Both Wi-Fi 6E and Wi-Fi 7 offer lower latency, which is crucial for real-time applications like video conferencing, online gaming, and virtual reality.
  • Less Network Congestion: The 6GHz band is less congested than the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, leading to less interference and better performance.
  • Wide Channel: Wi-Fi 6E and Wi-Fi 7 provide more channels for data transmission with higher bandwidth reducing the risk of overlapping and interference and improving overall network performance.
  • Faster Speed: It provides 1200 MHz of unlicensed spectrum, enabling faster speeds, lower latency, and less congestion.
  • Incorporates Advanced Technologies: It supports advanced technologies like OFDMA and MU-MIMO, enhancing network capacity and efficiency resulting in a superior, more reliable wireless experience.
  • Future-Proofing: Upgrading to Wi-Fi 6E and preparing for Wi-Fi 7 the network is being equipped for future technological advancements.
  • Suitable for High Density Areas: The 6GHz band operates at a shorter range than lower frequency bands, such as 2.4 GHz which is suitable in high-density areas where network congestion is a concern.
    • By operating at a shorter range, 6GHz Wi-Fi access points can provide better coverage indoors, ensuring a reliable connection for users.

India’s Stand on the allocation of 6GHz Spectrum for WiFi

• The 6GHz band is currently entirely with the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for satellite use cases
• The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has postponed the allocation of the 6GHz spectrum amidst a growing dispute between telecom operators and technology firms as the spectrum is considered ideal for both 5G and WiFi services
• Conflict:  
  • Telecom Operators: They advocate for the spectrum to be solely allocated for the expansion of 5G services. 
  • Technology Companies: Represented by the Broadband India Forum (Google, Meta, Amazon and Microsoft) are pushing for the spectrum to be designated exclusively for WiFi services. 
• Working Group: The DoT has formed three working groups to develop a revised frequency allocation plan the outcome of which will be included in the report prepared by the National Frequency Allocation Plan (NFAP) committee, led by the government’s wireless advisor.
• India has until 2027 to make a final decision on the allocation of the 6 GHz spectrum from the World Radiocommunications Conference.
• Issues With the Allocation:
  • Interference With Isro Satellite Operation: There is a concern of probable interference with Isro’s satellite operations with  Isro itself against allocation of the spectrum for telecom services.
    • However, WiFi, due to its lower power, is unlikely to interfere with satellite operations. 
  • Increased Imports: Allocating the band to telecom services could lead to increased imports from non-trusted sources of the WiFi 6 supporting devices like routers etc posing a national security risk.
  • Allocating the 6 GHz spectrum for WiFi without auction could result in a significant financial loss for the national exchequer.

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The Supreme Court of India recently upheld a Madras High Court judgment denying a Scheduled Caste (SC) certificate to a woman born Christian but claiming to be Hindu for availing reservation benefits in employment.

Supreme Court’s Key Observations

• Conversion Without Belief as Fraud: The court ruled that religious conversion solely to claim SC benefits without genuine belief in the adopted religion constitutes a “fraud on the Constitution.”

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• Constitutional Principle and Secularism: Court emphasized India’s secular ethos, where citizens have the freedom to practice and profess their chosen religion under Article 25 of the Constitution.
  • Conversion must stem from genuine inspiration and belief, not for ulterior motives like availing reservation benefits.
• Appellant’s Claim: C. Selvarani claimed to profess Hinduism and belong to the Valluvan caste, which falls under the SC category per the Constitution (Pondicherry) Scheduled Castes Order, 1964.
• • She argued her affinity to Hindu practices, temple visits, and familial lineage in the SC community.
• No Reconversion Evidence: The appellant’s claim of Hindu identity lacked supporting evidence, as neither her baptism registration was canceled nor any declaratory suit filed.
• Family’s Christian Identity: The field verification confirmed the appellant’s family continued to practice Christianity without any attempt at reconversion.
• Fraudulent Claims Rejected:The court held that Selvarani’s claims were a deliberate attempt to exploit the reservation system without genuine conversion or belief.

Legal and Social Implications

• Impact on Reservation Policies: The judgment highlights the need for authenticity in claiming benefits reserved for specific communities.
  • The misuse of reservation benefits erodes the intended social justice goals and deprives genuine beneficiaries.
• Pending Constitutional Questions: The broader issue of extending SC benefits to Dalit converts to Christianity and Islam remains unresolved.
  • The 1950 Presidential Order currently limits SC status to Hindus, Sikhs, and Buddhists, but petitions challenging this are under consideration by the Supreme Court.
• Conversion Procedures: The Court underlined the necessity of clear and positive acts to signify religious conversion, such as through Arya Samaj ceremonies or public declarations.

Constitutional Provisions for Reservation

• Article 15(4): This provision empowers the state to make special provisions for the advancement of any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens or for SCs and STs.
• Article 16(4): This article allows the state to make reservations in matters of public employment for SCs and STs.  

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Guidelines under the Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) Brochure 1993

• SC/ST Status: A person is considered a member of an SC or ST if they belong to a caste or tribe officially recognized as such.
  • A person who professes a religion different from Hinduism or Sikhism is not considered an SC.
• Conversion and SC/ST Status: A person who converts to Hinduism or Sikhism may be recognized as an SC if they are accepted back into their original caste or tribe.
  • Conversion to other religions generally results in the loss of SC status.
• Inter-Caste Marriages and Child’s Caste:
  • In general, the child’s caste is determined by the father’s caste.
  • However, the Supreme Court has recognized that social and cultural factors can influence a child’s upbringing and identity.
  • In certain cases, courts may consider the child’s upbringing and environment to determine their caste.
• ST Conversion and Reservation: Unlike SCs, the ST status of an individual is not tied to their religious affiliation. A person belonging to a Scheduled Tribe retains their ST status regardless of their religious beliefs.

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Way Forward

• Call for Genuine Affirmative Action: The judgment underscores the importance of preserving the integrity of reservation policies to achieve true social equity. Need for Policy Review: The pending deliberation on SC benefits for Dalit Christians and Muslims could redefine the contours of reservation policy.
  • The 2007 Ranganath Mishra Commission report’s recommendations for extending SC benefits to Dalit converts could serve as a pivotal reference.
• Enforcement and Vigilance: Authorities must ensure stricter scrutiny and enforcement mechanisms to curb fraudulent claims.

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Patients of Sjögren’s Disease in India are struggling with diagnosis and challenges of managing symptoms.

About Sjögren’s Disease

• Sjögren’s disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s moisture-producing glands.
• Commonly causes dryness in the eyes and mouth but can also affect joints, skin, lungs, kidneys, and the nervous system.
• Primarily affects women (10 times more likely than men) and usually manifests in the 30s or 40s, though it can occur at any age.
• Cause of Disease: Researchers do not know what causes the immune system to turn on the body, but they believe that both genetic and environmental factors are involved.
  • Studies have linked Sjögren’s disease to variants (changes) in several genes, many of which are involved in immunity.

Challenges in Diagnosis

• Often remains undiagnosed for years due to its complex and overlapping symptoms.
• Low awareness among healthcare professionals contributing to diagnostic delays.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors

• Global estimates suggest it affects 1 in 1,000 people, though Indian-specific data is limited.
• Strongly linked to genetic and environmental factors; women and older individuals are at higher risk.

Patient Advocacy and Support

• Sjögren’s India: To raise awareness and provide resources for patients.
• PatientsEngage: Empowers patients by amplifying their voices and fostering partnerships between patients and doctors.

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The Lower House’s functioning was adjourned for the day on the second day of the Winter Session, following protests by Opposition members.

Parliament Sessions in India

Regular Sessions

• Budget Session: Held from February to May, it’s the longest session focused on the annual budget and other important legislative business.
• Monsoon Session: Held from July to August, it’s a shorter session focusing on current issues and legislation.
• Winter Session: Held from November to December, it’s the final session of the year, focusing on reviewing and finalizing pending legislation.

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Special Session

• Joint Session: Article 108 of the Indian Constitution provides for joint sittings of both Houses of Parliament.
  • Convened by the President when there’s a deadlock between the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha on an ordinary bill.

Key Roles in Parliamentary Adjournments

• President: Article 85 of the Indian Constitution gives Powers to President for 
  • Summoning Parliament: The President can summon Parliament to session.
  • Proroguing Parliament: The President can prorogue (terminate) a session of Parliament.
  • Dissolving Lok Sabha: The President can dissolve the Lok Sabha, leading to general elections.
• Presiding Officers: The Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha preside over their respective houses and have a role in deciding on adjournments.

About Adjournment Motion

• An Adjournment Motion is a parliamentary procedure designed to interrupt the normal business of the House to discuss a matter of urgent public importance.
  • It is exclusively reserved for the Lok Sabha and cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha.

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Specific Requirements for an Adjournment Motion

• Subject Matter: The motion must pertain to a specific, urgent, factual, and important issue of public concern.
• High Threshold: To introduce an Adjournment Motion, a minimum of 50 members must support it.
• Singularity: The motion should focus on a single issue and avoid encompassing multiple topics.
• Recency: The issue must be of recent occurrence, highlighting its urgency.
• Exclusions: The motion cannot be used to raise questions of privilege, revisit matters already discussed in the same session, or address issues under judicial consideration.
• Alternative Avenues: If the matter can be discussed through other parliamentary procedures, such as a separate motion, an Adjournment Motion is not appropriate.
• Minimum Discussion Time: Once an Adjournment Motion is admitted, the House must allocate at least two and a half hours for its discussion.

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The past few years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of workers being deleted from MGNREGA job cards.

About MGNREGA

• The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) stands as a cornerstone of India’s social security net.
  • It provides a legal guarantee of 100 days of work per year to every rural household. 
• This right, enshrined in the Act and operationalized through job cards.has been increasingly undermined by a surge in worker deletions.

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About MGNREGA Job Cards

• MGNREGA Job Cards are essential documents issued to rural households under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). 
• These cards serve as a crucial tool for ensuring the implementation of the Act and guaranteeing the right to work for rural households.

Key Features of MGNREGA Job Cards

• Unique Identification: Each job card is assigned a unique identification number.
• Household Details: Contains information about all adult members of the household eligible for work.
• Work Eligibility: Entitles the cardholder to 100 days of guaranteed wage employment per year.
• Wage Disbursement: Records the work done, wages earned, and payment details.
• Monitoring Tool: Used to track work progress, monitor wage payments, and assess program implementation.
• Issued by Gram Panchayat: Local self-government bodies are responsible for issuing MGNREGA job cards to eligible households within their jurisdiction.

Factors responsible for Rising Deletions

• A staggering 10.43 crore workers have been removed over the last four years, with a particularly alarming spike in 2022-23. 
• Reason for deletion: The implementation of Aadhaar-based payment systems in MGNREGA has been linked to the rise in worker deletions. 
• Arbitrary Deletions: In a rush to achieve 100% Aadhaar seeding, field officials resorted to shortcuts, including deleting job cards of workers who could not be immediately linked to their Aadhaar numbers.
• Lack of Transparency: The deletion process has often been marred by a lack of transparency and due process. 
  • Workers have been removed from job cards without proper notice or opportunity to be heard.
  • Reasons cited for deletion, such as “not willing to work” or “duplicate applicant,” often seem arbitrary and unsubstantiated.

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Impact on Rural Livelihoods

• This trend is deeply concerning, as it directly impacts the livelihoods of millions of rural households.
• The erosion of the right to work has severe consequences for rural livelihoods. 
• Workers who are deleted from job cards are deprived of their legal entitlement to employment and social security. 
• This can push vulnerable households into deeper poverty and food insecurity.

Restoring the Right to Work

• Strengthening Accountability and Transparency: Implementing robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track worker deletions and ensure adherence to due process.
• Independent Audits: Conducting regular, independent audits of MGNREGA implementation to identify and rectify irregularities.
• Empowering Gram Sabhas: Empowering Gram Sabhas to play a more active role in overseeing MGNREGA implementation and protecting the rights of workers.
• Public Awareness and Grievance Redress: Raising awareness about the right to work and establishing effective grievance redress mechanisms.
• Data-Driven Decision-Making: Leveraging technology and data analytics to improve MGNREGA implementation and identify trends in worker deletions.

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A High-Level Committee (HLC), chaired by the Union Home Minister has sanctioned Rs. 1115.67 crore for disaster mitigation and capacity-building projects in India. 

• Aim: To strengthen disaster resilience and preparedness across states, following Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision of a disaster-resilient India.

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Key Approvals by the HLC

• National Landslide Risk Mitigation (NLRM) Project : The HLC approved Rs. 1000 crore for mitigating landslide risks across 15 states, enhancing safety in vulnerable regions.This initiative is part of the National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF) and addresses a critical need to reduce landslide-induced damages in vulnerable regions.
• Training and Capacity Building for Civil Defence:The HLC approved a funding of Rs. 115.67 crore under the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF).
• • Objective: Training Civil Defense volunteers across all States and Union Territories to improve disaster preparedness and response.

Need for NLRM Project

• India’s Landslide Risk: India ranks among the top four countries with the highest landslide risk, according to the ISRO Landslide Atlas of India.
• Prevention and Prediction: Unlike earthquakes and tsunamis, landslides can be both prevented and predicted, enabling proactive disaster management.
• Scientific Culture: The NLRM project aims to promote a culture of scientific investigation, analysis, and management of landslides, enhancing preparedness and mitigation.

What is a Landslide?

• Definition: Landslide refers to the downward movement of rock, soil, and debris on a slope, which can range from small shifts to massive, destructive events.
• Causes: Landslides can be caused by factors such as heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity, human activities like construction or mining, and changes in groundwater levels.

Earlier Initiatives to Tackle Landslides

• National Landslide Risk Management Strategy (2019): A comprehensive document addressing landslide disaster risk reduction and management.
• Landslide Risk Mitigation Scheme (LRMS):Provides financial support for site-specific landslide mitigation projects.
  • Focuses on disaster prevention, mitigation, research and development (R&D) in monitoring critical landslides, early warning systems, and capacity building.
• Flood Risk Mitigation Scheme (FRMS): A scheme under preparation for activities such as developing multi-purpose flood shelters and river basin-specific flood early warning systems.
• National Guidelines on Landslides and Snow Avalanches: Prepared by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to guide activities for mitigating landslide risks.
• Landslide Atlas of India: Details landslides in landslide-prone regions of India.
  • Prepared by the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) of ISRO.
• National Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Program: Initiated by the Geological Survey of India in 2014-15 to identify landslide-prone areas.

About the National Disaster Mitigation Fund

• Establishment: The National Disaster Mitigation Fund was established by the Central Government in 2021 under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, based on the recommendation of the 15th Finance Commission.
• Administered By: National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).
• Purpose: The fund is exclusively for financing mitigation projects related to various disasters.

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About the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

• Establishment: NDMA was established on 27th September 2006 under the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
• Chairperson: The Prime Minister of India serves as the Chairperson of NDMA.
• Members: NDMA consists of nine other members apart from the Chairperson.
• Primary Responsibility: The primary responsibility for disaster management rests with the respective State Governments.
• National Policy: The National Policy on Disaster Management creates an enabling environment for disaster management at the Centre, state, and district levels.

Previous Approvals for Disaster Mitigation

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Recently, the Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas (GPHA), 2024 has been published by the UNEP. 

About Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas 

• Published by the United Nations Environment Programme’s (UNEP) Global Peatlands Initiative.
• Purpose: To provide data and insights into the global state of peatlands, highlighting threats and opportunities for conservation and sustainable management.
• Objective: Bridge the gap between science and policy for informed decision-making on peatland conservation.

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Key Findings of the 2024 Atlas

• Map Updation: The Atlas expands on the Global Peatlands Assessment (2022) and the Global Peatland Map 2.0, key products of the UNEP Global Peatlands Initiative.
  • It updated hotspot maps intersecting data on climate change, land use and Biodiversity.
• Peatland Distribution and Degradation: The Atlas identifies 488 million hectares of peatlands globally, with a concerning 12% classified as highly degraded.
• Peatland Emissions: Human activity is causing significant emissions from degraded peatlands, contributing to 1,941 Mt CO₂ per year.

About Peatlands

• Definition: Peatlands are unique wetland ecosystems where waterlogged conditions slow down plant decomposition, leading to the formation of peat soils.
• Distribution: Found in nearly all countries, covering about 3 to 4 percent of the Earth’s land surface.
• Regions: Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats, and the North-East Indian region.
• • Peatlands cover a relatively small percentage of India’s landmass, estimated to be around 0.2% generally found in Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats, and the North-East Indian region.
  • The Congo Basin holds the largest known tropical peatland.

Types of Peatlands found around the World

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Difference Between Peatlands and Wetlands

Role of Peatlands in Ecology

• Carbon Storage: Peatlands store a massive amount of carbon, acting as a natural buffer against climate change. They hold more carbon than all the world’s forests combined.
  • They contain up to one-third of the world’s soil carbon, which is twice the amount of carbon as found in the world’s forests
• Climate Regulation: By sequestering atmospheric carbon, peatlands help regulate the climate and provide a cooling effect.
• Water Management: These wetland ecosystems play a crucial role in regulating and purifying water supplies, supporting both human consumption and healthy aquatic ecosystems.
• Biodiversity: Peatlands provide vital habitats for a wide variety of rare and endangered plant and animal species.
• Cultural Importance: Peatlands can preserve archaeological and cultural heritage due to their waterlogged conditions.
• Livelihoods: Local communities often depend on the ecosystem services and resources provided by peatlands.

Factors responsible for peatland degradation

• Agriculture: Practices like drainage and conversion of peatlands for agricultural use contribute to their degradation.
• Peat Extraction: The extraction of peat for fuel and other uses directly destroys peatlands.
• Industrial Activities: Industrial activities like mining and oil and gas exploration can disrupt peatland ecosystems.
• Infrastructure Development: Development projects like road construction can disrupt the natural hydrology of peatlands, leading to drying and degradation.

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Mapping Peatlands

• Peatland mapping identifies the location and condition of peatlands. 
• Combined with conservation and restoration efforts, it supports water regulation services, such as reducing flood intensities, while also preserving biodiversity.

Mapping Methodologies

• Ground-Based Surveys: Direct field observations and soil sampling.
• Remote Sensing: Satellite imagery and aerial photography.
• SEPAL Platform: System for Earth Observation Data Access, Processing and Analysis for Land Monitoring (SEPAL) platform contains a number of tools for land use and land use change monitoring. It also includes peatland-specific modules.
  • It offers free access to cloud-based monitoring platforms and high-quality imagery.
• Satellite-Based Monitoring: Using satellite data to track changes in vegetation, water levels, and land use.
• Ground-Based Monitoring: Field surveys to measure peat depth, water table levels, and vegetation cover.

Impact of Peatland Degradation on Ecology

• Emissions: Degraded peatlands become significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions, accelerating climate change.
• Water Disruption: Degradation disrupts the role of peatlands in water management, leading to increased flooding risks and potential water scarcity.
• Biodiversity Loss: Habitat destruction and altered ecosystems threaten the survival of unique plant and animal life found in peatlands.

Legal and Policy Framework for Peatland Protection

• Global Initiatives:
  • Ramsar Convention: This international treaty recognizes the importance of wetlands, including peatlands, and promotes their conservation and wise use.
  • UNFCCC: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change acknowledges the role of peatlands in carbon sequestration and climate mitigation.
    • Global Peat land Initiative: Established at the 2016 UNFCCC COP in Marrakech, Morocco, the UNEP Global Peatlands Initiative works towards the conservation and sustainable management of peatlands worldwide.
• National and Regional Policies:
  • Country-Specific Legislation: Many countries have national laws and regulations to protect peatlands.
    • The IUCN UK Peatland Programme exists to promote peatland restoration in the UK and advocates the multiple benefits of peatlands.
  • Regional Initiatives: Regional organizations like the European Union have implemented policies to conserve peatlands.

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Way Forward

• Policy and Action: The Global Peatland Hotspot Atlas is a call to action for policymakers and stakeholders to prioritize peatland conservation and sustainable management through informed decisions.
• Global Initiatives: Existing initiatives like the Guidelines for Global Action on Peatlands (2002), UNEA-4 Resolution on Peatland Conservation (2019), and the UNEP Global Peatlands Initiative demonstrate ongoing efforts towards peatland protection.
• Sustainable Practices: Minimizing activities like agriculture, peat extraction, and unsustainable development in peatland areas is crucial to prevent further degradation.
• Restoration Efforts: Investing in peatland restoration projects offers significant benefits for carbon sequestration, improved water management, and biodiversity conservation.

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A study published in Geophysical Research Letters reveals that excessive groundwater extraction has caused a significant shift in Earth’s rotational pole.

About Earth’s Axis

• Definition: Earth’s axis is an imaginary line running through the planet from the North Pole to the South Pole.
  • It is the central line around which Earth rotates, completing one full spin approximately every 24 hours.
  • The axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees relative to Earth’s orbital plane (the plane in which Earth revolves around the Sun).
  • This tilt causes the yearly cycle of seasons.
• Changes in the Axis
  • Earth’s axis is not fixed: It experiences gradual shifts due to changes in the planet’s mass distribution (e.g., melting ice caps, groundwater depletion).
    • These movements, known as axial precession or polar motion, occur over time and can have long-term impacts on Earth’s stability and climate.

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Key Findings Of the Study (1993–2010)

• Pole Drift:
  • The earth’s axis has tilted by 31.5 inches (nearly 80 centimetres eastward)
  •  Drift occurred at a rate of 4.36 centimeters per year due to groundwater depletion.
• Groundwater Extraction:
  • Humans extracted an estimated 2,150 gigatons of groundwater during this period.
  • This massive extraction contributed to a sea level rise of about 0.24 inches.
• Mechanism of Polar Motion: Polar motion, the movement of Earth’s rotational axis relative to its crust, is influenced by changes in mass distribution across the planet. 
  • The redistribution of groundwater from aquifers to oceans has emerged as a significant factor affecting this motion.
• Groundwater vs. Climate-Related Factors such as Ice Sheet Melting:
• • The study’s models show that groundwater depletion has a larger impact on polar drift than previously considered climate-related factors such as ice sheet melting.

Regional Impact and Implications

• Role of Groundwater Extraction: The study underscores the profound role of groundwater extraction in altering Earth’s geophysical properties, with significant consequences for planetary dynamics.
• Key Regions of Groundwater Extraction: The research identifies western North America and northwestern India as key regions where significant groundwater extraction has occurred.
  • These mid-latitude regions have a substantial influence on polar drift due to their geographical location and high extraction volumes.
• Immediate Effects: The current shift in Earth’s tilt is not yet significant enough to alter weather patterns or seasons.
• Long-Term Risks: Continued groundwater depletion could have long-term climatic impacts over geological time scales.
  • Changes in polar motion could eventually influence global climate systems.

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Way Forward

• Call for Sustainable Water Management: Findings emphasize the urgent need for sustainable groundwater management to mitigate further polar drift and its potential impacts.
• Interconnectedness of Human Activities and Planetary Dynamics: This study not only highlights the interconnectedness of human activities and planetary dynamics.
  • It also stresses the importance of considering anthropogenic factors in understanding Earth’s physical processes.

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This article sheds light on the concept of dark tourism, where people visit sites associated with death, suffering, and tragedy.

About Dark Tourism

• Dark tourism involves visiting places linked to tragic events
  • It is also called thanatourism or grief tourism.
• People go to these places to mourn, honor victims, or out of curiosity.
• This tourism includes sites such as  cemeteries, disaster zones, battlefields, memorials, prisons, military attacks, war zones, execution sites, and crime scenes.
• It focuses on the historical and cultural value of these sites rather than only their tragic past.
• Examples of Dark Tourism Destinations
  • Famous sites like Auschwitz-Birkenau, the 9/11 Memorial, and Chernobyl.
  • Recent destinations include areas affected by ongoing conflicts, such as:
    • Ukraine: Donbas war zone and Kyiv’s missile-strike sites.
    • Israel/Palestine: Nir Oz Kibbutz and the Nova music festival, linked to the October 7, 2023, Hamas attacks.
• Types of Dark Tourism
  • War Zone Tours: In Ukraine, tourists meet displaced people, view destroyed buildings, and learn about the war.
  • Solidarity Tours: In Israel, visitors explore the aftermath of attacks and connect with survivors, guided by locals.

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• Why Do People Visit These Sites?
  • Solidarity and Political Affiliation: Such tours often show support for victims and their struggles while reinforcing identities tied to geographical and psychological borders.
  • Education and Reflection: Many tourists aim to understand historical pain, acknowledge losses, and pay respect, similar to visiting memorials.
• Significance of Dark Tourism in India
  • Preserving History: Dark heroes offer an opportunity to learn about historical events and unsung heroes. 
    • It transmits struggles and knowledge from past events
    • It allows people to experience real life experiences rather than just reading books. 
  • Boost to tourism industry: Dark tourism is related to tragedy,  it still contributes to Indian tourism which is supported by national and international visitors. 
    • This industry is growing 10% annually. 
  • Promotion of lesser known destinations: This tourism draws attention to historical significant yet unexplored places by putting them on a global map. 
    • It creates a sense of interest in the younger generation too. 
• Dark Tourism Destinations in India
  • Bhangarh Fort, Rajasthan: A most haunted and scary place
    • Built by Man Singh
  • Kuldhara Village, Rajasthan: 
  • “The Jallianwala Bagh” in Amritsar: Famous for general dyer shoot order that killed many people. 
  • Jamali-Kamali Masjid, Delhi: an archaeological site.
    • It is famous for its numerous haunted tales
  • Jatinga, Assam : A place popular worldwide for its unexplained occurrence of bird suicides. 
  • Bhopal Museum, Madhya Pradesh: Dedicated to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

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Siberian crane – Sukpak

Context: A Siberian Demoiselle crane named Sukpak has set a new distance record for migratory birds arriving in Rajasthan, India.

About Sukpak

• Scientific Name : Anthropoides virgo (also known as Grus virgo).
• Breeding and Wintering Range
  • Breeding: Found across Central Asia, Mongolia, and extending to Northeast China.
  • Wintering: They primarily spend winters in western India, especially in Gujarat and Rajasthan.
• Migration Path
  • Traditional Route: Typically migrate via Himalayan valleys.
  • Notable Route: Some, like the crane Sukpak, take a reverse migration path through Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
• Cultural Importance
  • Indian Names: Called koonj or kurjaa in local languages.
  • Symbolism: Holds significant cultural value in the regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
  • Conservation Status
    • IUCN Status: Classified as Least Concern.

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Riyadh Design Law Treaty

Context: India along with the member states of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has adopted the Design Law Treaty (DLT)

About the Treaty

• The Treaty seeks to harmonise procedures and simplify registration processes of industrial designs in different countries
• Objective: The treaty will facilitate design protection by eliminating red tape and simplifying the application procedures making it easier and affordable to protect and market designs.
• Conference: The Treaty was signed in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia which has hosted the Diplomatic Conference to Conclude and Adopt a Design Law Treaty representing the final-stage treaty negotiation.
• Structure:The Treaty will consist of articles and rules. 
  • Updation: The Assembly of the Contracting Parties will be able to amend the rules, thereby fostering a dynamic framework within which to further develop design law.
• Prepared by:The Department for Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications, Brands and Designs Sector, of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
• Provisions: 
  • Streamlining Design Application Procedures: The application can now contain several designs in a single application, rather than having to file a separate application for each individual design
  • Easy to Obtain a Filing Date:It will be sufficient for applicants to submit some essential parts of the application rather than a complete application now
  • Framework for Post Registration Procedures: Clear definition of all the elements required in a request for recording certain transactions, such as a renewal, a change in ownership or a license etc.
  • Facilitating Protection: Applicants will retain control over the publication date of a design, even after having secured a filing date.
  • Relief Measures: If the time limit in a procedure before an industrial property office is missed, relief measures will be available to help applicants to avoid losing their rights

President’s Colours

Context: Four battalions of the Army’s Mechanised Infantry are presented with the President’s Colours by Army Chief General during a ceremony at the Mechanised Infantry Centre and School at Ahilya Nagar.

• Award: The President’s Colours were awarded to the 26th and 27th Battalions of Mechanised Infantry Regiment and 20th and 22nd Battalions of Brigade of The Guards

About The Mechanised Infantry

• It blends the best of Infantry and Mechanised forces with its battalions deployed across all theatres and also in UN peacekeeping missions.
• Origins: The Mechanised Infantry Regiment was officially raised on April 2, 1979, under the visionary leadership of Lieutenant General A.S. Kalkat.

About The President’s Colour Award

• It is the highest honour that is bestowed upon any military unit in the Indian Army.
  • It is also known as Nishaan, which is an emblem that is worn by all unit officers on the left-hand sleeve of their uniform.
• The Colours is a ceremonial flag bearing the unit’s insignia and motto is presented to units upon completing specified meritorious service to recognise their contributions in operations and peacetime.

India and ISA Collaborate on Solar Projects in Indo-Pacific Region

Context: Recently a Project Implementation Agreement (PIA) was signed between the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) and International Solar Alliance (ISA) to execute solar projects in four Indo-Pacific countries.

Key Highlights of the Agreement

• Investment and Implementation: India has committed USD 2 million to fund solar projects and ISA will serve as the Project Implementing Agency, providing technical and programmatic support to the Countries. 
  • Countries Involved: Fiji, Comoros, Madagascar and Seychelles
• Project Objectives: Address energy challenges, such as unreliable electricity and perishability of agricultural products.
  • Focus areas include:
    • Solar cold storage systems.
    • Solarisation of healthcare facilities.
    • Solar water pumping systems for irrigation.
• Expected Outcomes:
  • Improved energy access and reliability.
  • Creation of employment opportunities.
  • Advancement in the transition to a clean energy economy.
• Significance:
  • Aligns with the Quads Wilmington Declaration to promote clean energy supply chains.
  • Supports global efforts to tackle climate change and ensure sustainable development.
  • Contributes to holistic economic development and social justice.
  • Strengthens India’s leadership in the global clean energy transition.

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Red-Breasted Flycatcher

Context: The tiny Red-breasted Flycatcher, measuring just 12 cm, has captured the attention of birdwatchers at Ameenpur Lake in Hyderabad.

About the Red-Breasted Flycatcher

• Scientific Name: Ficedula parva
• Migration: This small bird is  known for its incredible migratory journey from Eastern Europe to South Asia.
• Appearance: Males are distinguished by their vibrant reddish-orange patch below the neck, making them a special sight for birders.
• IUCN Status: Least Concern
• Threat: Despite being relatively stable in numbers, their habitats, especially wetlands and forests, are under threat due to urbanization and environmental degradation.

About Ameenpur lake

• Ameenpur Lake is an artificial lake which was constructed in the 16th century during the Qutb Shahi dynasty to irrigate a nearby garden.
• Urban Biodiversity Heritage Site: It is the first urban biodiversity heritage site in India, and is regaining its status as a haven for birds and wildlife. 
• Recent Revival: Hyderabad Disaster Response and Asset Protection Agency (HYDRAA) has undertaken efforts to restore the lake’s ecological health.

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