Biosphere Reserves in India: Complete List, UPSC Guide & More

PWOnlyIAS February 23, 2024 01:58 2057 0

Explore the comprehensive list and functions of Biosphere Reserves in India. Click to download the biosphere reserves in India upsc pdf, here.

Biosphere Reserves in India: Complete List, UPSC Guide & More

Biosphere Reserves in India is an international designation by UNESCO ( United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over a large area of terrestrial or coastal/marine ecosystems or a combination of both.

Objectives of Biosphere Reserves: Biosphere Reserves are designated to conserve biodiversity and to preserve the economic and social development and maintenance of associated cultural values.
Balancing Human and Natural Needs: Biosphere Reserves are thus special environments for both people and nature and are living examples of how human beings and nature can co-exist while respecting each others’ needs.

Function of Biosphere Reserves: Conservation of BIodiversity & Support Ecosystem

Conservation of BIodiversity: Biosphere reserves safeguard species, ecosystems, genetic diversity, and landscapes, prioritizing conservation without disrupting local inhabitants.
Sustainable Development: Biosphere reserves actively promote sustainable developments, encompassing economic, cultural, and social aspects for a balanced and enduring impact.
Preserving the Ecosystem: Biosphere reserves play a pivotal role in restoring ecosystems and habitats, addressing and rectifying any harm caused.
For Education and Research: These areas serve as valuable sources of information on ecosystem restoration, conservation, and development. Research conducted within these reserves provides insights into recreating landscapes impacted by human activities.

Criteria For Designating a Biosphere Reserve in India

A Site with a Safeguarded Core Area: A site must contain a protected and minimally disturbed core area of value of nature conservation.
Ecological Viability: The core area must be a bio-geographical unit and should be large enough to sustain a viable population representing all trophic levels.
Community Involvement: The involvement of local communities and use of their knowledge in biodiversity preservation.
Preserving Cultural Practices and Environmental Harmony: Recognizing the potential for preserving traditional tribal or rural modes of living, the area seeks to foster a harmonious coexistence with the environment.

Structure of Biosphere Reserves in India: What Are the Three Zones of Biosphere Reserves?

The area which has been designated as Biosphere reserves are demarcated into following 3 interrelated zones:

Biosphere Reserves in India

A Core Zone of Biosphere Reserve
- It is the most protected area similar to a National Park or Sanctuary.
- It shelters unique plants and animals, including endemic species, and acts as a vital genetic bank with significant scientific value.
- It operates under the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972, ensuring it remains untouched by human activities.
A Buffer Zone of Biosphere Reserve
- The buffer zone surrounds the core zone within a biosphere reserve.
- Permissible Activities: Activities such as scientific research, monitoring, education, and training are carried out in this zone.
- Regulation of Human Activities: Human activities like controlled tourism, fishing, and grazing are allowed but regulated to minimize their impact on the core zone are permitted in this region.
A Transition Zone of Biosphere Reserve
- It is the outermost part of the biosphere reserve which serves as a collaborative zone where human activities and conservation efforts coexist harmoniously.
- It includes settlements, croplands, managed forests, and designated spaces for intensive recreation and various economic activities typical of the region.
- This area creates a balance between human endeavors and environmental preservation.

Biosphere Reserves in India: List & Map

India’s biosphere reserves stand as testament to the nation’s commitment to conserving its ecological heritage while fostering sustainable development. These areas provide a platform for research, education, and the coexistence of humans and nature. By recognizing the delicate balance between ecological conservation and human needs, these reserves showcase the potential for harmonious interaction between people and the environment.

There are a total 18 Biosphere Reserves in India.
The Biosphere Reserve Programme is guided by UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme.
India is a signatory to the landscape approach supported by MAB programme.

Man and Biosphere (MAB)

Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific program, launched in 1971 by UNESCO, that aims to establish a scientific basis for the improvement of relationships between people and their environments.
MAB combines natural and social sciences, economics and education to improve human livelihoods and the equitable sharing of benefits, and to safeguard natural and managed ecosystems, thus promoting innovative approaches to economic development that are socially and culturally appropriate, and environmentally sustainable.

Implementation of Biosphere Reserve Scheme: A scheme called Biosphere Reserve has been implemented by the Government of India since 1986 in which financial assistance is given in 90:10 ratio to the North Eastern Region States and three Himalayan states and in the ratio of 60:40 to other states for maintenance, improvement and development of certain items.
The State Government prepares the Management Action Plan which is approved and monitored by the Central MAB Committee.

List of Biosphere Reserves in India

India takes pride in its rich and diverse natural heritage, comprising unique ecosystems and abundant biodiversity. To safeguard these precious treasures and promote sustainable coexistence, the country has established 18 Biosphere Reserves.
Designated under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme, these reserves serve as sanctuaries for endangered species and protect various ecosystems.
From the majestic Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the southern region to the pristine Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in the north, each reserve contributes significantly to biodiversity conservation. Below mentioned is the list of the Biosphere Reserves in India.

Biosphere Reserves In India: Map

Biosphere Reserves in India

Year	Name	State	Type	Key fauna	Area (km2)
1986	Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve	Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala	Western Ghats	Nilgiri tahr, tiger, lion-tailed macaque	5520
1988	Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve	Uttarakhand	Western Himalayas	Snow leopard, Himalayan black bear	5860
1988	Nokrek	Meghalaya	Eastern hills	Red panda	820
1989	Gulf of Mannar	Tamil Nadu	Coasts	Dugong	10500
1989	Sundarbans	West Bengal	Gangetic Delta	Royal Bengal tiger	9630
1989	Manas	Assam	Eastern Hills	Asiatic elephant, tiger, Assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden langur, pygmy hog	2837
1989	Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve	Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Islands	Saltwater crocodile	885
1994	Simlipal	Odisha	Deccan Peninsula	Gaur, royal Bengal tiger, Asian elephant	4374
1998	Dihang-Dibang	Arunachal Pradesh	Eastern Himalaya	Mishmi takin, musk deer	5112
1997	Dibru-Saikhowa	Assam	Eastern Hills	White-winged wood duck, water buffalo, black-breasted parrotbill, tiger, capped langur	765
1999	Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve	Madhya Pradesh	Semi-Arid	Giant squirrel, flying squirrel	4981.72
2000	Khangchendzonga National Park	Sikkim	East Himalayas	Snow leopard, red panda	2620
2001	Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve	Kerala, Tamil Nadu	Western Ghats	Nilgiri tahr, Asian elephant	3500.08
2005	Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve	Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh	Maikal Hills	Four-horned antelope, Indian wild dog, sarus crane, white-rumped vulture, sacred grove bush frog	3835
2008	Great Rann of Kutch	Gujarat	Desert	Indian wild ass	12454
2009	Cold Desert	Himachal Pradesh	Western Himalayas	Snow leopard	7770
2010	Seshachalam Hills	Andhra Pradesh	Eastern Hills	Slender loris	4755.997
2011	Panna	Madhya Pradesh	Moist deciduous forest	Bengal tiger, Chinkara, Nilgai, Sambhar sambar deer, and Sloth bear	2998.98

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve includes Nilgiri Sub-Cluster (UNESCO World Heritage Site) which further includes the Mudumalai, Mukurthi, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Silent Valley national parks, as well as the Aralam, Wayanad and Sathyamangalam wildlife sanctuaries.
Vegetation of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: Montane sholas and grasslands (at high altitudes), semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests, tropical evergreen forests (western side of Western Ghats) and thorn forests.
Major Fauna: Lion Tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, Malabar Giant Squirrel, Nilgiri Langur, etc.
Tribes: Various tribes associated with Nilgiri reserve such as Badagas, Toda, Kotas, Irulla, Kurumba, Paniya, Adiyan, Edanadan Chettis, Allar, and Malayan.

Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

This biosphere reserve covers the areas of Nanda Devi National Park and Valley of Flowers NP.
Major Fauna: Snow Leopard, Musk Deer, Bharal Or Blue Sheep, etc.
Tribes: The buffer zone includes 45 villages and the local communities living here mainly belong to two ethnic groups, the Indo-Mongoloid (Bhotia) and Indo-Aryan

Nokrek Biosphere Reserve

Vegetation of Nokrek are Evergreen, semi-evergreen & deciduous.
Key Fauna: Red Panda, Hoolock Gibbons, Red Giant Flying Squirrel, etc.
Tribes: Garo tribes dominate the area

Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve

This Biosphere reserve lies between the west coast of Sri Lanka and the south-eastern tip of India, in the Coromandel Coast region.
Major Fauna: Dugong, Olive Ridley turtles, etc.
Tribes: Mainly Marakeyars.

Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve

It is located in the south of Kolkata, bordering Bangladesh in the eastern side and lies on the delta of the Ganges.
Sunderbans Biosphere provides habitat for the threatened Royal Bengal Tiger.
This biosphere reserve covers the area of Sundarbans National Park, Sajnekhali Wildlife Sanctuary, Lothian Wildlife Sanctuary and Halliday WLS.
Spans across parts of India and Bangladesh and is the largest mangrove forest in the world.
Tribes: Munda, Santhal, Bhumij and Oraon tribes

Manas Biosphere Reserve

Rare and endemic wildlife in Manas Biosphere Reserve are Assam Roofed Turtle, Hispid Hare, Golden Langur and Pygmy Hog.
The grassland biomes of Manas BR are Pygmy Hog, Rhinoceros (re-introduced in 2007), elephants, Bengal florican etc.
Tribes: Bodo, Rabha Tribe, Garo Tribe, Koch-Rajbongshi Tribe

Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve

It covers the area of Campbell Bay National Park and Galathea NP.
Vegetation grows in this BR are tropical wet evergreen forests.
Major Fauna: Dugong, Saltwater Crocodile, Nicobar megapode etc.
Tribes: Mongoloid Shompen Tribe

Similipal Biosphere Reserve

It includes the area of Mayurbhanj Elephant Reserve which further includes the area of Similipal tiger reserve, Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary and Kuldiha wildlife sanctuary. .
Major Fauna: Royal Bengal Tigers, Wild Elephants, Gaurs (Indian Bison), Chausingha.
Tribes: Kolha, Santal, Bhumija, Gond & Ho

Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve

Pachmarhi BR encompasses the area of Satpura National Park, Bori Wildlife Sanctuary and Pachmarhi WLS which lies in the centre of the Satpura Range. The highest peak is the Dhoopgarh (1,352 m). Gonds are the major tribes.
Major Fauna: Tiger, Gaur, Indian Giant Flying Squirrels, etc.
Tribes: Gond and Korku

Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve

It includes the third highest mountain peak in the world, Kanchenjunga (8,586 m). It is one of the highest ecosystems in the world, reaching elevations of 1,220 m to 8,586 m above sea level.
The Khangchendzonga NP, which comprises the core area of the KBR, was inscribed as India’s first “Mixed World Heritage Site”.
Major Fauna: Red Panda, Snow Leopard, Musk Deer, Great Tibetan Sheep, etc.
Tribes: Lepcha, Bhutia, and Limbu

Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve

Dibru-Saikhowa BR also included Dibru-Saikhowa National Park.
Major Fauna: Bengal Tiger, Clouded Leopard, Gangetic Dolphin, etc.
Tribes: Mottocks, the Morans, the Sonowal Kacharis and the Nepalese

Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve

The Mouling NP and the Dibang WLS are located fully or partly within this biosphere reserve. The terrain is rugged, with an altitudinal range of 750 to 3000 m at the highest point, the Mouling Peak.
Major Fauna: Takin, Red Panda.
Tribes: Adi, Buddhist and Mishmi tribes with ten sub tribes including the Paris, Padams, Karkos, Pangis, Simongs, Ashings, Tangams, Komkars, Millangs, Dalbings, Membas, Khambas and Idu Mishmis.

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve

Agasthyamala BR which covers the area of Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary and Kalakad Mundanthurai TR.
Major Fauna: Nilgiri Tahr (EN)
Tribe: The reserve is home to Kani tribes from both Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

International Status of Biosphere Reserves (BR)

In a recent development, the Panna Biosphere Reserve achieved the esteemed international status of a UNESCO Protected Biosphere Reserve. This recognition was bestowed in the year 2020.
Preceding this, India’s Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve had already earned a spot on this prestigious roster in 2018.
With the inclusion of these two Biosphere Reserves, a total of 12 out of the country’s 18 biosphere reserves have now joined the esteemed World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
This network aligns with the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme guidelines.
Globally, there are 686 biosphere reserves in 122 countries, including 20 transboundary sites. India has 12 internationally recognised BRs.
Below is the list of the UNESCO-Designated Reserves in India:

Name	States/ UT	Year
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve	Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka	2000
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve	Tamil Nadu	2001
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve	West Bengal	2001
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve	Uttarakhand	2004
Nokrek Biosphere Reserve	Meghalaya	2009
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve	Madhya Pradesh	2009
Simlipal Biosphere Reserve	Odisha	2009
Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve	Andaman & Nicobar Islands	2013
Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve	Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh	2012
Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve	Kerala and Tamil Nadu	2016
Khangchendzonga National Park	Sikkim	2018
Panna Biosphere Reserve	Madhya Pradesh	2020

Significance and Contributions of Biosphere Reserves in India

The Biosphere Reserves in India play a crucial role in various aspects of conservation and development:

Biodiversity Conservation: India’s remarkable biodiversity is sheltered within these reserves.
- Many endangered and endemic species find refuge here, shielded from threats posed by human activities and habitat destruction.
- The core zones act as vital breeding grounds, ensuring the continuity of numerous plant and animal species.
Ecosystem Preservation: The diverse landscapes found within India’s Biosphere Reserves are emblematic of the nation’s ecological richness.
- These areas encompass a wide range of ecosystems, including forests, wetlands, grasslands, and coastal regions.
- The preservation of such diverse environments is vital for maintaining ecological balance and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Sustainable Development: The concept of sustainable development is at the core of Biosphere Reserves.
- By promoting the sustainable use of natural resources in the buffer and transition zones, these reserves demonstrate that human progress can be achieved without compromising the integrity of the environment.
- Eco-friendly tourism and community-based initiatives provide local communities with opportunities for economic growth while ensuring the preservation of their natural heritage.
Research and Education: Biosphere Reserves in India serve as living laboratories for scientific research.
- Experts study various ecological processes, monitor changes in biodiversity, and develop innovative conservation strategies.
- Moreover, these reserves act as educational centers, raising awareness about environmental conservation among visitors and local communities alike.

Challenges to Biosphere Reserves

Conservation vs. Livelihood Conflicts: Biosphere reserves encounter challenges in reconciling conservation objectives with the livelihoods of local communities, often leading to conflicts that need careful resolution.
Habitat Degradation: The integrity of habitats within biosphere reserves is under threat, experiencing degradation that jeopardizes the overall health of ecosystems and biodiversity.
Climate Change Impacts: Biosphere reserves are not immune to the impacts of climate change, posing additional threats to the delicate balance of ecosystems and the species within them.

Suggestive Measures

Securing Tribal Land Rights: Ensuring the land rights of tribal communities which rely on forest resources.
- Creating an ecosystem of coexistence between indigenous populations and the preservation of natural habitats.
Biosphere Reserve Tag for Marketed Resources: To enhance the value of resources like spices sourced from Kerala’s reserves, a strategic initiative involving “Biosphere Reserve Tags” for marketing should be implemented, creating a distinct identity and market appeal.
Implementing Munnar Declaration: Taking cues from the Munnar Declaration, which proposes the creation of biosphere reserves in the desert and Gangetic plain bio-geographic zones, practical steps should be taken to translate this vision into tangible conservation efforts.
Combatting Alien Species Invasion: Governments should enforce stringent measures against the invasion of alien species into various biosphere reserves, as exemplified by the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
- Proactive steps are essential to preserve the native biodiversity and ecological balance within these protected areas.

Conclusion

Biosphere Reserves in India exemplify the nation’s dedication to conserving its ecological heritage and fostering sustainable development.
By protecting biodiversity, preserving ecosystems, and promoting responsible practices, these reserves provide a blueprint for harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.
As India continues to expand its conservation efforts, the network of Biosphere Reserves in India will remain a beacon of hope, ensuring a bright and sustainable future for generations to come.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Biosphere reserves are areas that are recognized to promote conservation and sustainable use of natural resources these areas can be on land or on water. Biosphere reserves are established to create a balance between the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable use of natural resources.

No not at all National parks are protected areas set aside primarily for the conservation of natural landscapes, wildlife, and ecosystems. On the other hand Biosphere reserves promote not only conservation but also sustainable use of natural resources and the integration of local communities.

The first biosphere reserve in India is the Nilgiri Biosphere established in 1986 located in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka.

The largest biosphere reserve in India is the The Gulf of Kachchh Biosphere Reserve located in Gujarat.

Dibru Saikhowa in Assam is the smallest biosphere reserve in India.

There are a total of 18 Biosphere Reserves in India.

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was included in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 2000.

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Biosphere Reserves in India: Complete List, UPSC Guide & More

Function of Biosphere Reserves: Conservation of BIodiversity & Support Ecosystem

Criteria For Designating a Biosphere Reserve in India

Structure of Biosphere Reserves in India: What Are the Three Zones of Biosphere Reserves?

A Core Zone of Biosphere Reserve

A Buffer Zone of Biosphere Reserve

A Transition Zone of Biosphere Reserve

Biosphere Reserves in India: List & Map

List of Biosphere Reserves in India

Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve

Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve

Nokrek Biosphere Reserve

Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve

Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve

Manas Biosphere Reserve

Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve

Similipal Biosphere Reserve

Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve

Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve

Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve

Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve

International Status of Biosphere Reserves (BR)

Significance and Contributions of Biosphere Reserves in India

Challenges to Biosphere Reserves

Suggestive Measures

Conclusion

Frequently Asked Questions

What are Biosphere reserves?

Are Biosphere reserves and National Parks the same?

Which is the first Biosphere reserve in India?

Which is the largest Biosphere reserve in India?

Which is the smallest Biosphere reserve in India?

How many biosphere reserves are there in India?

When was Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve included in the list of UNESCO Biosphere Reserve?

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