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The Union Home Minister recently indicated that the Centre has decided to fence the entire length of the India Myanmar border to stop people’s free movement. 

India Myanmar Border

• The border between India and Myanmar runs for 1,643 km in the four states of Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland, and Arunachal Pradesh
• It is an Open Border that runs  through forested and undulating terrain, it is almost entirely unfenced, and is difficult to monitor. 
  • In Manipur, less than 6 km of the border is fenced.

What is the Free Movement Regime on the India-Myanmar Border?

• Definition: The Free Movement Regime is a mutually agreed arrangement between the two countries that allows tribes living along the border on either side to travel up to 16 km inside the other country without a visa.
• Implementation: It was implemented in 2018 as part of the government’s Act East policy.

Future of Free Movement Regime (FMR) and Border Management:

• Balancing Security and Local Needs: Experts doubt its effectiveness without proper border security and enforcement. They suggest regulating FMR rather than complete removal or fencing the entire border.
  • Manipur’s suspension of the FMR since 2022 hasn’t significantly altered the situation.
• Alternatives to FMR: Improved border management, intelligence gathering, and addressing the root causes of migration in Myanmar are crucial.
• Bilateral Cooperation: Collaboration with Myanmar is essential for effective border management and tackling shared security challenges.

Free Movement Regime (FMR) Rationale and Benefits

• Historical Divide: The British demarcated the border between India and Myanmar in 1826, without seeking the people’s opinion in the region. The border effectively divided people of the same ethnicity and culture into two nations without their consent. 
• Facilitating Cultural and Economic Ties: FMR allows border communities to maintain relationships and engage in cross-border trade.
  • People in the region have strong ethnic and familial ties across the border. In Manipur’s Moreh region, there are villages where some homes are in Myanmar. 
  • In Nagaland’s Mon district, the border passes through the house of the chief of Longwa village, splitting his home into two.
• Local trade and business: It was supposed to provide impetus to local trade and business. The region has a long history of trans-border commerce through customs and border haats. 
  • Given the low-income economy, such exchanges are vital for sustaining local livelihoods. 
• Boosting Regional Ties: FMR was part of India’s Act East policy to strengthen relations with Myanmar.
  • For border people in Myanmar too, Indian towns are closer to business, education, and healthcare than those in their own country.

Why is the Free Movement Regime (FMR) Being Scrapped?

The Indian Government blames the Free Movement Regime (FMR) for;

• Illegal Immigration: FMR has been blamed for facilitating illegal migration from Myanmar, particularly during the recent crisis.
  • The illegal migration of tribal Kuki-Chin peoples into India from Myanmar is one of the key issues in the ongoing Manipur conflict.
• Drug Trafficking and Terrorism: Concerns exist that porous borders and misuse of FMR enable smuggling and insurgent activities.
  • Data from the Manipur Chief Minister’s Office show that 500 cases were registered and 625 individuals were arrested under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act in Manipur in 2022.
• Security Concerns: The long, unfenced border presents challenges for border control and national security.
  • Several insurgent groups such as the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), People’s Liberation Army (PLA), the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), and small groups of Kukis and Zomis have built camps in Sagaing Division, Kachin State, and Chin State (in Myanmar).

Opposition to scrapping the Free Movement Regime (FMR):

• Mizoram and Nagaland argue the FMR preserves vital ethnic and economic ties across the border.
• They view fencing the border as unacceptable due to its colonial origins dividing communities.

Conclusion

The India-Myanmar border presents complex challenges. Balancing security concerns with the needs of local communities and regional relations requires a nuanced approach that goes beyond simply building fences or scrapping existing agreements.

Also Read: 

• Smart Fencing for India-Myanmar Border Management
• Manipur Meghalaya And Tripura Statehood Day

News Source: Indian Express

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The COVID-19 pandemic exposed serious lacunae in the reliable communication of scientific information in India – particularly vis-a-vis accurate data reporting, vaccine hesitancy, and prediction of the resurgence of infections.

What is Science Communication?

• Science communication is the practice of informing, raising awareness of science-related topics to a general audience in a meaningful, comprehensible, and useful manner. 

• For Example of Science communication:

• • Climate Change Communication: Scientists over the years have been communicating the risks and impacts of climate change to the masses. This has significantly influenced public attitudes and government policies toward sustainable practices.
  • Discovery of DNA: When Watson and Crick communicated their complex findings of DNA helix in an accessible way, enhancing the understanding of genetic mechanisms globally.
  • Public Health Campaigns: Be it AIDS, Ebola or more recently, COVID-19, public health campaigns have been instrumental in disseminating crucial information, debunking myths, and promoting preventive actions. 

Need For Science Communication in India

• Diffusion of Scientific Information: As India is technologically advancing and entering the information age, scientific information needs to be diffused to the non-scientific community.
  • It will help to debunk myths around science and promote evidence-based knowledge.
• Addressing Local Challenges: It is needed to address different regions and communities’ specific needs and concerns.
• Inspiring the Next Generation: Sharing success stories of Indian scientists and engineers will help inspire young minds  to pursue STEM careers and foster national pride.
• Showcase of Technological Prowess: It is needed to showcase real-world applications of Indian technology, like space missions, medical breakthroughs, or agricultural innovations, connecting science with daily life.

Indian Government’s Previous Science Communication Efforts

• Establishment of Publications & Information Directorate (PID): In 1951, the Indian government founded the PID under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).
  • PID played a pivotal role in science communication, publishing national science magazines in Hindi (Vigyan Pragati), English (Science Reporter), and Urdu (Science Ki Duniya).
• Birla Industrial and Technological Museum: In 1959, the government established the museum in Calcutta to define India’s scientific heritage and promote science education.
• Constitutional Amendment for Scientific Temper: The 42nd amendment to the Constitution in 1976 introduced Article 51 A(h), stating that every Indian citizen must develop a scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
• Inclusion of Science Popularization in Five Year Plan: During the sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985), the importance of popularizing science and fostering scientific thinking in India was recognized.
  • The National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC) was established to address these objectives during this period.
• Creation of Vigyan Prasar: In 1989, the Department of Science and Technology established Vigyan Prasar, an autonomous organization dedicated to enhancing science communication and education in the country.

Contemporary Science Communication Interventions in India

• Establishment of CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR-NIScPR):
  • In 2021, the Indian government created CSIR-NIScPR by merging two existing institutions, reflecting a contemporary approach to science communication.
• Involvement of National Science Funding Agencies:
  • Science communication divisions within national science funding agencies are actively engaged in communication activities such as issuing press releases, conducting social media campaigns, and supporting exhibitions and popular lectures.

Way Forward

• Formal Education and Training: Introduce master’s and doctoral programs in science communication to foster a cadre of proficient communicators well-versed in India’s diverse contexts.
• Integrating Communication with Scientific Research: This includes involving scientists in science communication, integrating communication into research and recognizing and rewarding scientists’ contributions.
• Professional Organization for Science Communication Frameworks: A professional organization needs to be established that collaborates with governmental bodies, stakeholders, and experts to formulate comprehensive science communication frameworks. 
  • These frameworks should encompass diverse disciplines, media formats, and demographic groups.

Conclusion

By addressing current deficiencies and adopting a forward-thinking approach, India has the opportunity to establish a robust science communication ecosystem that can reduce and bridge the gap between the scientific community and society.

News source: The Hindu   

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The Kairali AI Chip is the State’s first silicon-proven AI Chip designed by Digital University Kerala, that offers speed, power efficiency and scalability for various applications.

What is a Kairali AI Chip?

• Use of Edge Intelligence: This cutting-edge chip innovation leverages edge intelligence to deliver high performance and low power consumption for various applications.
• Faster Loading Operations: It will facilitate  the complete storage and processing of information from the sensory circuits with minimum power and latency, which helps in offloading cloud computations.

Potential Application of Kairali AI Chip

• Agriculture Sector: It can revolutionize precision farming techniques.
  • It will help track real-time crop health monitoring, soil conditions and environmental factors.
  • It will make more efficient use of resources and better crop yields.
• Communication and IT Sector: It will enhance the efficiency and performance of smartphones.
  • It can also enable advanced features like real-time language translation, enhanced image processing and AI-powered personal assistants.
• Aerospace Industry: It will augment the capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellites by providing advanced processing power for navigation, data collection and real-time decision-making, all with minimal power consumption.
  • The chip can also enhance drones’ navigation and autonomous decision-making capabilities, useful for delivery services and environmental monitoring applications.
• Automobile Industry: The chip can be a game-changer for autonomous vehicles by providing the necessary computing power for real-time processing of sensory information, which is essential for safe and efficient autonomous driving.
• Security and Surveillance: The chip can enable faster and more efficient facial recognition algorithms, threat detection and real-time analytics using its edge computing capability.

Also Read: Miniature Nuclear Battery

News Source: The Hindu

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The Ministry of Culture will be showcasing the ‘Anant Sutra – The Endless Thread’ textile installation at Kartavya Path on the upcoming Republic Day.

About Anant Sutra:

• Anant Sutra is a visually stunning tribute to the saree, India’s timeless gift to the fashion world.
• It will showcase nearly 1,900 sarees and drapes from every corner of the country.
• It will have QR codes that can be scanned to know the details about weaving and embroidery arts used in it.

Saree Origins and History

• Sari-like drapery in Indian history dates back to the Indus Valley Civilisation.
• It flourished during  2800–1800 BCE around the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent
• The word “sari” evolved from “śāṭikā,” mentioned in early Hindu and Buddhist texts as women’s attire around the 6th century BCE.
• Saree wasn’t just one garment, but a three-piece ensemble:
  • Antarīya: The lower garment, resembling a “fishtail” dhoti with flowing pleats. (Think of a dhoti wrapped around the legs with decorative folds in front.)
  • Uttarīya: A shawl-like veil worn over the shoulder or head, evolving into the modern dupatta and ghoonghat.
  • Stanapatta: A chestband that transformed into the choli, a fitted blouse.
• Over time, these pieces merged into a single draped garment “saree”, Indian women wear. 

News Source: PIB

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Pendyala Lakshmi Priya, a Kuchipudi dancer, will receive Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar from the Indian President. 

About Kuchipudi Dance

Kuchipudi is a dance-drama rooted in the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text Natya Shastra. It evolved as a religious art associated with traveling bards, temples, and spiritual traditions, similar to other classical dances in India.

Origin of Kuchipudi Dance

Kuchipudi originated from Andhra Pradesh, where it grew largely as a product of the Bhakti movement beginning in the 7th Century AD.

• In the 17th century, the present Kuchipudi style was conceived by Siddhendra Yogi, a Vaishnava poet.
• Its evolution can be traced to traditional dance – drama, known under the generic name of Yakshagaana.

Kuchipudi Dance: Features, Styles, and Musical Instruments

• Known for fast footwork, dramatic expressions, and storytelling.
• Combines masculine and feminine energy (Tandava and Lasya).
• Distinctive feature: dancing and moving a brass plate.
  • Dancers need dance, acting, Sanskrit/Telugu skills, music, and manuscripts.
  • Requires light makeup and ornaments made of Boorugu wood.
• Concludes with tarangam, where dancers stand on a brass plate and move it rhythmically.
• Styles: There are various regional variations due to individual teachers’ creativity.
• Musical Instruments: Mridangam, cymbals, veena, flute, tambura.

Kuchipudi Dance

Format of Kuchipudi Dance

• It follows 3 categories – Nritta (pure dance), Nritya (expressive dance with hand gestures), and Natya (drama).
• Begins with invocation to Lord Ganesha, character introductions, and pure dance.
• Followed by expressive dance (Nritya) with storytelling through hand gestures.
• Kuchipudi performance includes a Sutradhara or Nattuvanar.
  • He is the conductor of the entire Performance. 
• Kuchipudi dance is accompanied by Carnatic Music. 
  • Today, Kuchipudi is performed either as a solo, duet or a group presentation, but historically it was performed as a dance drama, with several dancers taking different roles

News Source: All India Radio

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Wild Life (Protection) Licensing (Additional Matters for Consideration) Rules, 2024 issues fresh guidelines excluding  some species from the process of licenses for their wildlife trade.

After 40 Years, Centre Revises Wildlife Trade Rules

• New guidelines: No license shall be granted for trade in wild animals listed in Schedule I of WPA 1972 ,except with previous consultation of the central government.
  • Fresh  guidelines were issued  for granting licenses to stakeholders involved in snake venom, captive animals, trophy animals and stuffed animals.
  • Schedule II: Restrictions on Schedule II species have been lifted. 
    • It includes:  Endangered species of bats, shrews, squirrels; and a very large variety of birds including barbets, bee eaters, bulbuls, buntings, prinias, falcons, and pittas. Turtles, geckos, snakes, frogs, mammals etc
  • 1983 rule: It prohibited issuing licenses to trade in a wild animal categorized under Schedule I or Part II of Schedule II under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. The licences were granted in exceptional cases with previous approval of the central government. 

• Criteria for the Issue of License

• • The capacity of the applicant to handle the business concerned in terms of facilities, equipment and feasibility of the  premises.
  • Source  and manner of  the supplies  obtained by the business involved
  • Number  of licenses already issued in the concerned area.
  • To  consider the implications on hunting or trade of wild animals concerned

Wildlife Protection Act 1972

• Wildlife Protection Act 1972 provides a legal framework for the protection of various species of wild animals and plants, management of their habitats, regulation and control of trade in wild animals, plants and products made from them.

• Schedules in Wildlife Protection Act 1972: 

  • Schedule I: Animal species enjoying the highest level of protection including those which are critically endangered.
    • Examples: Chinkara/Indian Gazelle, Andaman Horseshoe Bat, Asiatic wild Dog/Dhole
  • Schedule II: Animal species that will be subject to a lesser degree of protection 
    • Examples: Nilgai, Spotted Deer/ Chittal, Indian Hedgehog       
  • Schedule III:   Protected Plant species
    • Example: Tree Turmeric, Neelakurinji, Blue Vanda
  • Schedule IV: Specimens listed in the Appendices under CITES
    • Example: Red Pandas, Otters etc

Also Read: WJC Report On Wildlife Crime

News Source: Down to Earth

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The President of India congratulated the people of Tripura, Manipur, and Meghalaya on the occasion of their 52nd Statehood Day. 

• These states attained statehood on January 21, 1972 under the North Eastern Region (Re-organization) Act, 1971.

About Statehood Day

• Identity Day: Statehood Day has been celebrated on an annual basis by a state to mark its formation, statehood, reorganization or other associated events.

Tripura:

• Tripura was a princely state till 15th November, 1949.
• The last king Bir Bikram, died on 17th May, 1947, immediately before India’s Independence.
  • After his demise, his minor son Kirri Bikram Mannikya took the throne, but could not rule as he was minor.
• So, his widow queen Kanchan Prabha took over the charge and became instrumental for Merger of the Tripura kingdom in the Indian Union.
• In 1972, the Union Territory of Tripura got statehood.

Manipur:

• Signing of Agreement: A few days before Independence, the Maharaja of Manipur, Bodhachandra Singh, signed the Instrument of Accession with the Indian government.
  • The “Instrument of Accession”, means the state agreed to become a part of the Union of India after independence.
• Elections held: Under the pressure of public opinion, the Maharaja held elections in Manipur.
  • In June 1948, the Maharaja of Manipur held elections under the pressure of the public, and the state became a constitutional monarchy. 
• In September 1949, the Government of India succeeded in pressuring the Maharaja into signing a Merger Agreement, without consulting the popularly elected Legislative Assembly of Manipur.
• In 1972, the Union Territory of Manipur got statehood.

Meghalaya:

• In 1947, the rulers of the Garo and Khasi region acceded to India after its independence.
• On 2nd April 1970, it came into existence as an autonomous state within the state of Assam,  through the Assam Reorganization (Meghalaya) Act 1969, comprising the United Khasi and Jaintia Hills and the Garo Hills districts.
• In 1972, the Sub-State of Meghalaya got statehood.

News Source: All India Radio

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Recently, Hyderabad-based Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL) has launched India’s first indigenously developed Hepatitis A vaccine Havisure®

IIL Launches ‘first’ Indigenously Developed Hepatitis A Vaccine

• Indian Immunologicals Ltd (IIL) is a wholly owned subsidiary of National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).
  • NDDB was founded in 1965 for transforming dairying into an instrument for the development of India’s rural people.

About Hepatitis A vaccine Havisure®

• Prescription: It is a two-dose vaccine wherein the first dose is administered at above 12 months of age and the second dose is given at least after 6 months of the first dose. 
• It is recommended for children in routine immunization as well as for individuals at risk of exposure or travel to the regions with high hepatitis A prevalence.
• Significance of the Vaccine: 
  • Reduced Import Dependency: Currently, Hepatitis A vaccines are imported into our country, with its launch import dependency will reduce.

About Hepatitis A

• Viral Disease: It is a highly contagious liver infection caused by a virus. 
• Transmission: The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with an infectious person.
• Geographical Distribution: It is common in low- and middle-income countries.
• Symptoms: Fever, abdominal discomfort, dark-coloured urine and jaundice. 
• Prevention: Improved sanitation, food safety and immunization.

Government Initiatives to tackle Hepatitis

• National Viral Hepatitis Control Program: Aims to end viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030.
• India’s Universal Immunization Programme (UIP): Hepatitis B is included under India’s UIP which provides free of cost vaccination.

Also Read: 

• First Human Trials For Nipah Virus Vaccine
• World’s First Vaccine For Chikungunya Approved
• GEMCOVACOM: India’s First MRNA Vaccine

News Source: Deccan Herald

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A budget of Rs 17,490 crore has been allocated for implementing the Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition or SIGHT Programme  as part of the National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM).

About SIGHT Programme

• Objective: To support domestic electrolyser manufacturing and green hydrogen production. 
  • These incentives are designed to facilitate cost reduction and rapid expansion.

Guidelines for Implementation of the SIGHT Programme

• Method: Executed within Mode-2B (the system adopted by the MNRE for the SIGHT programme), this strategy entails aggregating demand and inviting competitive bids for green hydrogen and its derivatives to secure the most cost-effective options.
• Implementation: It will be entrusted to agencies nominated by the Union Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) and guided by the Centre for High Technology (CHT).
• Monitoring: A scheme monitoring committee, co-chaired by the secretary of MoPNG, secretary of the MNRE, mission director of the NGHM, and other experts, will periodically review the implementation status and performance of capacities awarded under the scheme. 

News Source: DTE

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The first pilot technology project to make jet fuel from alcohol was inaugurated by the Union Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister in Pune. 

Praj Industries Starts Making Jet Fuel From Alcohol

• Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) is collaborating with Praj Industries Pune  to set up an Sustainable Aviation Fuel production unit based on the alcohol-to-jet fuel (ATJ) pathway.
• 2023 saw the completion of a  flight from Pune to Delhi using bio aviation fuel made from alcohol. 

What is Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)?

• Sustainable Aviation Fuel, also known as bio-jet fuel, is a type of fuel that is produced through domestically developed methods using cooking oil and oil-rich seeds from plants.
•  It can be produced from a number of sources (feedstock) including waste oil and fats, green and municipal waste and non-food crops such as Palm stearin, sapium oil, palm fatty acid distillates, algae oil, karanja, and jatropha.

Methods of Producing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

• Hydro-processed esters and fatty acids (HEFA): Mostly from used cooking oil it uses hydrogen in refining a range of vegetable oils and fats to turn into jet-range fuel.
• Alcohol-to-jet (AtJ): Uses alcohol (ethanol and iso-butanol) derived from surplus sugar streams such as cane molasses and syrup to produce alternative jet fuel through the removal of oxygen.
• Gasification/Fischer-Tropsch (GAS-FT): It involves the conversion of synthesis gas into liquid fuel and uses  municipal solid waste and agricultural residues
• Power-to-liquid (PtL): It could be feasible based on green hydrogen technology and access to point sources of carbon in the chemical, steel and cement industries.

Need For Producing Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

• International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO) Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA): It applies to international flights and would  require airlines globally to offset any growth in carbon dioxide emissions beyond the 2020 levels.
  • The Mandatory phase will take effect from 2027, and India must comply. 
• Targets: The National Biofuel Coordination Committee (NBCC) has set the initial indicative targets for blending of SAF with aviation turbine fuel (ATF)
  • 1% Sustainable Aviation Fuel indicative blending target in 2027 (initially for international flights) 2% SAF blending target in 2028.
• SAF scope:  1 percent SAF blending in jet fuel would require 14 crore litres of SAF per year

• Benefits of Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

  • Reduce  carbon emissions by a current average up to 70%, and with the potential to grow to 100% leading to material reductions in aviation’s carbon emissions today.
  • Additional income for farmers: selling agriculture residue could provide farmers with an additional income of $160 per hectare, which represents an approximate income increase of 15%. 
  • Improved Air quality: Decreased open-air burning would also eliminate air pollution and reduce GHG emissions by up to 78%
  • Green jobs opportunities: 120,000+ new green jobs across production plants and collection systems,related supply chains and induced effects.
  • Enhanced energy security:  Domestic feedstock would substitute fossil jet fuel and create export opportunity (yielding $210 million reserves for 10% blend of SAF) and reducing oil import bill.
  • Catalyst for efficient waste management: Reduce landfills  significantly by supporting demand for better segregated waste

• Challenges With Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)

• • Economic Feasibility: The cost of producing  Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) is higher than traditional jet fuel, thus  economically unfeasible for airlines to invest in SAF production and use. 
  • Scalability: There is limited infrastructure for the production, storage, and distribution of SAF, making it difficult to scale up the production and supply of SAF. 
  • Feedstock availability: Limited availability of feedstock in addition to competition for resources from other industries, such as the food and agriculture sectors. 
  • Standards and certification: The certification process for SAF is complex and time-consuming, and a lack of globally recognised standards for SAF production.

Way Forward

• Policy intervention: Guided policy support at national, regional (e.g. EU) and international (UN) level to create the necessary framework for the commercialization of SAF
• Inclusion of SAF targets in the National policy on Biofuels. 
• Barriers to Trade: Work towards removing barriers to the realization of a cost-competitive SAF market
• Single global standard: Promote the global harmonization of sustainability criteria for SAF
• Technical Awareness: Educate and support producers on the technical certification process (i.e ASTM D1655 certification)
• Exhibitions and conventions: Establish forums for knowledge exchange and business networking opportunities for suppliers and consumers of SAF (e.g. Sustainable Aviation Fuel Symposium).

News Source: News on AIR

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The Prime Minister (PM) recently visited some famous temples in India ahead of the Ram temple ‘Pran Pratishtha’ ceremony in Ayodhya.

• The Ram temple in Ayodhya inaugurated on January 22 has been designed in the Nagara style of temple architecture.

About Ayodhya Ram Temple

• Layout of Ram Temple: The Ram Temple is built over three 20-foot high floors each with a total of 392 pillars and 44 doors in the complex.
• Foundation of the Ram temple: It is built of a 14-metre-thick layer of roller-compacted concrete and a 21-foot-high granite plinth has been placed to protect against ground moisture.
• Iron has not  been used anywhere in the construction.
• Stones used in Ram Temple: Makrana Marble and Pink sandstone, granite stone,  and colored Marble.
• Sanctum Sanctorum (garbhagriha) of Ram Temple: Placed with the idol of Ram Lalla.
• Mandaps (halls) of Ram Temple: Nritya Mandap, Rang Mandap, Sabha Mandap, Prarthana Mandap and Kirtan Mandap.

Famous Temples in India Visited by The PM

• Ranganathaswamy Temple in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu: 

• • Style of Architecture: It is one of the famous temples in India, Constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture.
  • Principal deity: The main deity worshipped is Sri Ranganatha Swamy, a reclining form of Bhagwaan Vishnu. 
    • It is counted as the first and foremost among the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Bhagwan Vishnu.
  • Location:  It is situated on the island of Srirangam which is bounded by the two rivers of Cauvery and Kollidam (a tributary of Cauvery).

• Sri Arulmigu Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameshwaram: 

• • Style of Architecture: It is one of the famous temples in India and It is Dravidian style temple and the temple complex is covered by a compound wall (thiru mathil). 
  • Principal Deity: The main deity worshipped in this temple is Sri Ramanathaswamy, which is a form of Bhagwan Shiva.  
  • Location: It is located in Rameshwaram, which is a small island connected to the mainland via Pamban Bridge.
  • Mythology: It is believed that the main lingam in this temple was installed and worshipped by Sri Rama and Mata Sita. 
  • It is one among the Char Dhams – Badrinath, Dwarka, Puri and Rameshwaram and is one of the twelve jyotirlinga temples in India.

• Shree Ramaswami Temple in Thriprayar, Kerala:

• • Style of Architecture: It is also one of the famous temples in India, and constructed in the Dravidian style of architecture.
  • Principal Deity: Thriprayar Ramaswamy Temple. also known as Triprayar Temple, is dedicated to Lord Rama. 
    • The image of Rama (Triprayar Thevar) resembles the Chaturbhuja Vishnu form with four arms, bearing a conch(Panchajanya), a disc (Sudarsana), a bow (Kodanda) and a garland respectively.
  • Location: It is located in Thrissur district of Kerela on the bank of river Theevra. 
    • Theevra river is also called Purayar. Hence, it got the name Thirupurayar (sacred river) and later became Triprayar.
  • Nalambala Dharshan: It is one of the four temples in the Nalambala Dharshan (four-temple pilgrimage) where devotees take a pilgrimage to four temples devoted to Rama, Lakshmana, Shatrughna and Bharatha during the month of Karkidakam, also known as month of Ramayana.
  • Mythology: It is believed that the idol kept at the Thriprayar temple was worshipped by Lord Krishna in Dwaraka. 
    • It was submerged in water when Dwaraka was flooded after Krishna’s death. The idol, which was found later, was consecrated at Thriprayar.

• Guruvayur Temple in Kerala:  

• • Style of Architecture: It is one of the famous temples in India, and It is blend of Kerala and Chola dynasty temple architecture.
  • Location: Located in the Guruyaur Town in Thrissur district, the temple is also known as the Dwarka (birth place of Lord Krishna) of the South.
  • Principal Deity: The temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu and the young form of Lord Krishna, is also known as Guruvayur Sree Krishna Temple. The temple is therefore also called Guruvayur Sri Krishna temple. 
    • The Guruvayoor form of Lord Vishnu has four arms. One has the conch Panchajanya, another has a discus Sudarshana Chakra, the third one has the mace Kaumodaki and the fourth is holding a lotus with a Holy basil garland.
  • Elephant Festival: The temple is also known for its elephant festival where magnificently dressed elephants are paraded for various performances.
    • The temple is home to a large population of captive male Asian elephants.
    • The Punnathur Kotta elephant sanctuary is located nearby the temple.

• Kothandaramaswamy Temple in Dhanushkodi (Tamil Nadu): 

• • Principal Deity: It is also one of the famous temples in India and is dedicated to Sri Kothandarama Swamy. The name Kothandarama means Rama with the bow. 
  • Location: It is located in Dhanushkodi. on Rameswaram Island at a distance of 12 km from Rameshwaram’s main town.
  • Mythology: It is believed that Ravana’s brother Vibhishana first met Lord Ram and sought refuge here.

• Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh:

• • Principal Deity: Veerabhadra Temple is one of the famous temples in India and is dedicated to the Virabhadra, a fierce incarnation of Lord Shiva.
  • Location: The Veerabhadra Temple, also known as the Lepakshi Temple, is located in Andhra Pradesh’s Lepakshi. 
  • Temple Construction: The temple was built in 1533 AD by Virupanna Nayaka and Vienna, who were governors under the Vijayanagar empire during the reign of king Achutaraya. 
  • Fresco Painting: It is famous for frescoes and murals. There is a fresco of the fourteen avatars of Lord Shiva (one of them being Veerabhadra) on the ceiling. 
  • Nandi Bull: Nandi is a gigantic bull sculpture carved out of a huge granitic rock.  
    • It is located about 200 meters away from the temple. It is carved from a single block of stone. 
  • Association with Ramayana: The temple is closely associated with the Ramayana. It is believed that the bird Jatayu, fell at the place after being fatally wounded by Ravan.
  • It has been placed on the tentative list of the World Heritage Committee.

• Kalaram Temple, Nasik (Maharashtra): 

• • Principal deity: The Kalaram temple is one of the famous temples in India and its name derives from a black statue of the Lord — Kala Ram.
    • The sanctum sanctorum has statues of Ram, Sita, and Lakshman, and a black idol of Hanuman at the main entrance.
  • Location: It is situated on the banks of the Godavari river in the Panchavati area of the city.
    • The name Panchavati comes from the existence of five banyan trees in the area. 
  • Built by: The Temple was built in 1792 by Sardar Rangarao Odheka.
  • Mythology: It is believed that  Lord Ram lived in Panchavati.
  • Place of Dalit Satyagraha: In 1930, B R Ambedkar and the Marathi teacher and social activist Pandurang Sadashiv Sane, known as Sane Guruji, led an agitation to demand access for Dalits to Hindu temples.

Temple Architecture in India

Three Main Temple Architecture Found in India, Which are;

• Nagara Style
• Dravida Style
• Vesara Style

Nagara Style or North Indian Temple Style

This architectural style of temples gained popularity in northern India around the fifth century CE, during the late Gupta period. Its features include: 

• Raised Stone Platform: These were constructed on a stone platform with steps leading up to it. 
• Lack of Boundary Walls or Gateways: Usually, they do not have elaborate boundary walls or gateways.
• Sanctum (Garbhagriha): Initially a small cubicle with a single entrance, the sanctum evolved into a larger chamber over time. It is designed to house the main icon. 
• Entrance (Mandapa): The entrance to the temple, whether a portico or collonaded hall, serves as a space for accommodating many worshippers.
• Shikhar: The temples used to have mountain-like spires, which can take the shape of a curving shikhar. 
  • The vertical end of the shikhara ended in a horizontal fluted disc, known as amalaka. On the top of that, a spherical shaped structure called Kalash is placed.
  • Example: Dashavatara temple, Deogarh

The Dravida Style or South Indian Temple Style

These  In South India, the most famous temples are built in the Dravidian style characterized by stone structures, towering spires, intricate sculptures, and detailed inscriptions.  Its features include: 

• Gopurams: The frontal wall features a central entrance gateway, commonly known as a gopuram. 
• Compund Walls: In contrast to the nagara temple, the dravida temple is surrounded by a compound wall. 
• Water Tanks: Temple complexes often include large water reservoirs or temple tanks.
• Vimana: The main temple tower, referred to as vimana in Tamil Nadu, has a stepped pyramid shape that ascends geometrically, distinct from the curving shikhara seen in North Indian temples.

• Shikhar: In South Indian temples, the term ‘shikhara’ is specifically used for the crowning element at the pinnacle of the temple. 
  • This element is typically shaped like a small stupika or an octagonal cupola, equivalent to the amlak and kalasha found in North Indian temples.
• Temple Shapes: Dravida temples are categorised into five shapes: Square (kuta or caturasra), Rectangular (shala or ayatasra), Elliptical (gaja-prishta or vrittayata), Circular (vritta), and Octagonal (ashtasra). 
• Example:  Gangaikondacholapuram temple

Vesara Style

Vesara style temple architecture in the Deccan region, particularly in Karnataka, is known as the Vesara style. It exhibits a blend of North and South Indian influences. Important features include: 

• Open ambulatory passageway with pillars, doorways and ceilings decorated with intricate carvings. 
• Dravidian influence is seen in intricate carvings and sculptures. 
• Nagara influence is seen in the curvilinear shikhara and the square base of temples.
• Example:  Virupaksha temple, Pattadakal

Major UNESCO Temples in India: List

Also Read: Jagannath Temple Beautification Project

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Context: 

This article is based on the news “Democratic backsliding: On the state wielding the FCRA as a weapon” which was published in the Hindu. Recently, the Government of India has cancelled the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA) license of the Centre for Policy Research (CPR). 

Home Ministry Cancels FCRA Registration of CPR

• Reason for Cancellation of License: The current affairs programming by CPR, is prohibited for an entity using FCRA funds.
• CPR Suspension: In 2023, the government suspended the FCRA license of the CPR over violation of the FCRA act: 
  • It was using foreign contributions for purposes other than that for which it is registered and for undesirable purposes. 
  • Transferred foreign contributions to other entities in violation of the Act. 
  • It was publishing news articles in violation of the Act. 

About FCRA

• Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act: It regulates and prohibits  the acceptance and utilisation of foreign contributions by certain associations for any activities detrimental to the national interest.
  • The Act also prohibits the receipt of foreign funds by candidates for elections, journalists or newspaper and media broadcast companies, judges and government servants, members of the legislature and political parties or their office-bearers, and organisations of a political nature.
• Origin: The FCRA was enacted during the Emergency in 1976 amid apprehensions that foreign powers were interfering in India’s affairs by pumping money into the country through independent organisations. 
• Duration of Approval Granted: FCRA registration is valid for five years. 
  • NGOs are expected to apply for renewal within six months of the registration expiry date. In case of failure to apply for renewal, the registration is deemed to have expired.

Amendments to the FCRA

• FCRA Amendment 2010: Enacted to consolidate the law on utilising foreign funds, and to prohibit their use for any activities detrimental to national interest.
• FCRA Amendment 2020: The law was amended again, giving the government tighter control and scrutiny over NGOs’ receipt and utilisation of foreign funds.
• Foreign Contribution (Regulation) (Amendment) Rules, 2022: In July 2022, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) changed FCRA rules, increasing the number of compoundable offenses under the Act from 7 to 12. 
  • The other key changes were: 
    • Exemption from intimation to the government for contributions less than Rs 10 lakh, the earlier limit was Rs 1 lakh. 
    • Increase the time limit for the intimation of the opening of bank accounts.

Need of FCRA

• National Interest and Security: The law sought to regulate foreign donations to individuals and associations so that they functioned consistently with the values of a sovereign democratic republic.  
  • In 2014, a leaked report from India’s Intelligence Bureau accused NGOs such as Greenpeace, Cordaid, Amnesty, and Action Aid of reducing India’s GDP by 2-3 per cent per year.
  • In 2015, the Ford Foundation was put under the prior approval category and put on the Home Ministry’s watch list for some time in the interest of national security.
• Regulation of Foreign Funding: The FCRA provides a legal framework for regulating foreign contributions to ensure transparency and accountability in utilising such funds. 
  • FCRA promotes accountability and transparency in receiving and utilising foreign contributions as organisations must maintain detailed records, submit annual reports, and undergo audits to ensure compliance. 
• Preventing Money Laundering and Unlawful Activities: The FCRA helps prevent using foreign funds for prohibited or unlawful activities under Indian law. 
  • This includes activities that might disrupt public order, promote communal or caste tensions, or undermine the democratic fabric of the country.
  • For instance, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) froze the bank accounts of NGO Amnesty International (AI) India over alleged charges of money laundering in 2020.
• Ensuring Legitimate Purposes: The act is designed to ensure that foreign contributions are used for legitimate purposes such as social, educational, cultural, and economic activities that benefit the people of India. It establishes mechanisms to verify the authenticity of the organizations receiving foreign funds.
  • In 2016, the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) cancelled the FCRA licence of the NGO Lawyers’ Collective for allegedly using foreign contributions for political purposes.
  • NGO Sabrang Trust had its FCRA registration cancelled allegedly mixing foreign and domestic funds, and for spending funds on publishing the Communalism Combat magazine.

Concerns Associated with FCRA

• Lack of Compatibility with International Law: The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) condemned the adoption of the Indian Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Amendment Act 2020 (FCRA 2020). 
  • According to ICJ, the legislation fails to comply with India’s international legal obligations and constitutional provisions to respect and protect the rights to freedom of association, expression, and freedom of assembly. 
• Erosion of Civil Liberties: According to various former bureaucrats, every expression of difference of opinion or dissent cannot be interpreted as violating the integrity and sovereignty of the country or as being against the public interest. 
  • For instance, the suspension of Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) and Oxfam India give rise to suspicion that independent assessments of socio-economic indicators of the country are not welcome.
• Alleged for Targeting of NGOs: Over the past seven years, the government has cancelled the registration of more than 16,700 NGOs and thus, government is facing allegations of targeting NGOs.
• Stringent Regulations: The FCRA imposes complex and stringent regulations on NGOs receiving foreign funding with the process of registration and obtaining prior permission under the act can be time-consuming.
  • For instance, NGO’s alleged that the SBI was not operationalising the FCRA accounts in time, leading to delay in receipt of foreign contributions.
• Potential of Misuse: The state can utilize FCRA as a tool to suppress organizations whose activities diverge from its goals, especially those focused on environmental concerns, civil liberties, and human rights.
  • For instance, the FCRA licence of the NGO Legal Initiative for Forest and Environment (LIFE) was suspended for misuse of funds to litigate against Indian coal projects.
• Ambiguity and Subjective Interpretation: Some NGOs have expressed concerns about the vague and subjective language of certain FCRA provisions, allowing for arbitrary interpretation and discretion by authorities.
  • For instance, the government can cancel the FCRA license if, in the opinion of the Central Government, it is necessary in the public interest to cancel it. Here, opinion of the government and public interest can carry multiple interpretations. 

On What Basis is Approval Cancelled?

• Registration can be cancelled if an inquiry finds: 
  • A false statement in the application. 
  • NGO is found to have violated any of the terms and conditions of the certificate or renewal. 
  • If it has not been engaged in any reasonable activity in its chosen field for the benefit of society for two consecutive years. 
  • If it has become defunct.
• Other reasons for cancellation: 
  • If in the opinion of the Central Government, it is necessary in the public interest to cancel the certificate. 
  • When an audit finds irregularities in the finances of an NGO in terms of misutilisation of foreign funds.
• Remedy: All government orders can be challenged in the High Court.

Way Forward to the FCRA Registration and Suspension

• Ensuring Transparency in Granting and Suspension of FCRA: It is crucial for accountability, preventing misuse, and maintaining trust. Transparent processes uphold democratic values and protect organizational integrity.
• Streamlining FCRA Processes: Obtaining approval of FCRA license is a hectic task and despite obtaining approval from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), issues of unnecessary procedural delays have been reported by NGOs.
  • For this, the Delhi High Court has mandated the State Bank of India (SBI) to promptly open FCRA accounts for NGOs within 10 days of receiving approval from the Centre. 
• Engaging with Authorities: Establish open communication channels with relevant government bodies to comprehend the specific concerns leading to FCRA license cancellations. Constructive dialogue may present opportunities for resolution and clarification.
• Diversifying Funding Channels: NGOs should lessen reliance on foreign funds by seeking financial support from local philanthropic organizations, private donors, or collaborating with government initiatives within India.
• Promoting Credible NGOs: With the rising cancellation of FCRA license, there is a rising air of mistrust around NGOs which will hurt civil societies which are commited and caring. 
  • Thus, recognising, promoting and even awarding such hard working NGOs can play important role in ensuring their credibility in long term.
  • For instance, organizations like Teach For India address the critical issues in sectors like education, healthcare, and human rights. 
  • Further, NGOs contribute significantly to employment, engaging approximately 72 lakh individuals in India. 

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