Context:

• Severe flooding has killed nearly 200 people in Kenya and Somalia as El Nino-induced rainfall continues to wreak havoc in East Africa.

Super El Niño Rain Sparks Deadly Floods in Kenya

• An unusually active El Nino rain has triggered severe flooding in Kenya which killed at least 90 people and displaced thousands. 

About El Nino:

• About: El Nino,  meaning “the little boy” in Spanish refers to an abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. It is known to suppress monsoon rainfall.

• Time Period: It occurs on average every two to seven years, and episodes usually last nine to 12 months.  
• Formation: El Niño occurs when warm water builds up along the equator in the eastern Pacific region. The warm ocean surface warms the atmosphere, which allows moisture-rich air to rise and develop into rainstorms. 
• Impacts: El Niño events are typically associated with increased rainfall in parts of southern South America, the southern United States, the Horn of Africa, and central Asia. 
• In contrast, El Niño can also cause severe droughts in Australia, Indonesia, and parts of southern Asia.

For more information related to the Horn of Africa, refer to the Horn of Africa

Source: Down to Earth

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Context:

• India and the US are about to sign the Cultural Property Agreement (CPA) agreement that will simplify the process for returning stolen antiquities.

More about the news:

• Over the past few years, India has placed a greater emphasis on the repatriation of its cultural heritage.
• According to official data, over 400 antiques have been returned to India since 2014.

What is the Cultural Property Agreement?

• Repatriation for objects: Once the CPA is completed, the US will automatically offer the object for repatriation, negating the need for India to provide proof that it is its own.
• Import Restrictions:  It imposes import restrictions that stop looted and stolen cultural property from entering the US while encouraging the legal sharing of such objects for scientific, cultural, and educational purposes. 
• Preventing trafficking of art objects: Under the agreement,  the US will intercept smuggled goods at the border and return them expeditiously.

Current procedure of repatriation: 

• Confirmation by paperwork: The provenance of an object of Indian origin must be confirmed through paperwork like FIRs and photographic evidence once it is discovered in a foreign nation. 
  • Provenance includes the list of all owners from the time the object left its maker’s possession to the time it was acquired by the current owner.
• Approval by ASI: The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), which is in charge of protecting all historic antiquities in the host country, must provide its approval before the artifacts can be brought home.

About the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI):

• ASI under the Ministry of Culture, is the premier organization for the archaeological researches and protection of the cultural heritage of the nation. 
• Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance is the prime concern of the ASI. 
• It regulates all archaeological activities in the country as per the provisions of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958. 
• It also regulates the Antiquities and Art Treasure Act, 1972. 

News Source: Indian Express

For more information, refer to Antiquities and Art Treasure Act

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Context: The President of India recently suggested the creation of an All India Judicial Service (AIJS) examination during the Constitution Day Celebrations.

More about the news: 

• Inclusive judiciary: The President highlighted the importance of varied representation of India’s unique diversity on the Bench and the Bar which helps serve the cause of justice better. 
• Merit-based system: A process that is merit-based, competitive, and transparent will hasten this diversification process as the judges will be recruited from varied backgrounds.

What is All India Judicial Service (AIJS)?

• Article 312 Of the Constitution: It provides for the establishment of All India Judicial Service (AIJS).
• The AIJS  shall not include any post inferior to that of a district judge as defined in Article 236
• Legislative power of parliament: 42nd Constitutional amendment in 1976 amended Article 312 (1) empowering Parliament to make laws for the creation of one or more All-India Services, including an AIJS, common to the Union and the States. 

• • Thus, Parliament may enact laws with regard to ‘Administration of Justice; constitution and organisation of all courts, except the Supreme Court and the High Courts’. 
• Procedure for formation: If the Rajya Sabha declares by resolution supported by not less than two-third of members present and voting for the creation of AIJS, the Parliament may by law provide for creation of an All India Judicial Service common to the Union and the States.
• Also, no such law shall be deemed to be an amendment of the Constitution within the meaning of Article 368.

What is the significance of the All India Judicial Service?

• Induction of fresh legal talent: Suitably qualified fresh legal talent can be selected through a proper all-India merit selection system.
• Igniting young minds: It can select brilliant youngsters and nurture and promote their talents from lower levels to higher levels. 
• Promoting social inclusion: It will also address the issue of social inclusion by enabling suitable representation to marginalized and deprived sections of society.

News Source: Indian Express

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Context:

• Angkor Wat, located in Cambodia, is now considered the eighth Wonder of the World, beating Italy’s Pompeii.

Angkor Wat Becomes the 8th Wonder 

• The title of the eighth Wonder of the World is given to outstanding buildings or projects, and Angkor Wat.
• Eighth Wonder of the World is an unofficial title given to new buildings or projects or designs, among others.

About Angkor Wat:

• History: It was built by King Suryavarman II in the 12th century.
  • Suryavarman II was the king of the Khmer (Cambodian) empire renowned as a religious reformer and temple builder.
• Location: Angkor Wat, temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia.while the walls and moat honour the surrounding mountain ranges and the sea.
• Religious site: It was first a Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu but later transformed into a Buddhist temple. 
  • The intricate carvings on its walls tell stories from Hindu and Buddhist myths.
  • The temple remains an active religious site, attracting Buddhist monks and devotees who come to pay their respects and engage in prayer and meditation.

• UNESCO WHS: It’s a massive religious monument and UNESCO World Heritage Site(WHS), covering about 500 acres.

Architectural wonder:

• Area of the temple: The temple spans an area of approximately 500 acres, with a massive moat surrounding its outer walls. 
• Design: The central temple complex features five lotus-shaped towers that represent Mount Meru, the mythical abode of the gods in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology.
  • Its five towers are meant to replicate the five summits of Mount Meru, while the walls and moat honour the surrounding mountain ranges and the sea.

To read more about the UNESCO WHS, refer to WHS.

News Source: Economic Times

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Context:

• Scientists and conservationists across the world have expressed concerns that IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is outdated and unreliable.

Scientists Unveil Concerns Over IUCN Red List Impact on Conservation Efforts

• 25 scientists have expressed multiple concerns about the Red List affecting conservation efforts, especially in the Global South, in a pre-print paper. 
• The paper is the first time that scientists, researchers and conservationists across diverse taxa have critically reviewed the flaws in the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) system of assigning species status.

About IUCN Red List:

• IUCN Red list was formed in 1964, serves as a crucial extinction risk assessment tool and a comprehensive resource for species conservation.
• IUCN, species are classified into nine categories of extinction risks: 
  • Not evaluated, data deficient, least concern, near threatened, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, extinct in the wild and extinct.

Limitations of the IUCN Red List:

• Limited Coverage: Only 150,000 species are assessed by the IUCN red list, contributing less than 10% of the estimated two million species globally.
• Divergence in Estimates: Discrepancies between the Red List’s assessment of about 42,100 threatened species and Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) estimates of over a million species facing potential extinction threats.
• Incomplete Assessments: Many species, both undescribed and classified, may face extinction threats, and reassessments recommended every 10 years have not been completed.
  • For instance, in the marine realm, over 40 per cent of top-fished species have outdated assessments. Overall, 28 per cent of assessments have already been declared outdated, potentially undermining the long-term use of the IUCN Red List.
• Outdated Criteria: Categories and criteria used in the Red List are over 30 years old, lacking significant evolution. 
• Technological Obsolescence: The systems were implemented without leveraging technological tools such as geographic information systems and remote sensing, hindering the accuracy of assessments.

Suggestions:

• Version 2.0 Overhaul:  Consider a comprehensive overhaul of the Red List system, to address existing flaws and enhance effectiveness.

Also Read: International Union For Conservation Of Nature And Natural Resources (IUCN)

News Source: DTE

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Context: Plants can listen to damage to other plants because plants release a group of compounds called green leaf volatiles (GLVs) into the air when injured, warning other plants about the proximity of danger.

Plants Can Listen Damage to Other Plants

• A Professor from Saitama University, known for his work on microscopes, has found a way to ‘watch’ plants responding to these warning signals.
• The study was published in Nature Communications in October 2023.

How Plants Communicate?

• Plants employ through a series of molecular reactions. 
• These reactions activate when a plant sustains damage, leading to the release of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) as by-products.

• Plants, by initiating a defense response, can render themselves less palatable or even indigestible to insect attackers. 
• The molecular reaction is mediated by calcium, a common mediator of chemical and electrical signals found throughout biology.

Experimental Setup:

• Scientist inserted a gene into mustard plants, causing them to glow when flooded with calcium.
• Under a special microscope, the mutant plants lit up in response to touch, cutting, or being eaten by a caterpillar.

Significance of Findings:

• Potential Applications:
  • Consideration for pesticide-free pest control by leveraging plants’ internal defense responses.
  • GLVs could activate plants’ defenses, protecting crops naturally.
• Implications for Agriculture:
  • GLVs may play a role in mitigating pest damage to crops.
  • Understanding specific compounds inducing defenses against particular pests is crucial.

News Source: The Hindu

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Context: 

• Recently, a woman was killed by a tiger in the Hediyala range of Bandipur National Park.

More on News:

• The tiger responsible for a woman’s death has been identified through camera trap images.
• Authorities have initiated night combing operations in response to the identification, aiming to locate and capture the tiger.

About Bandipur National Park:

• Location: Mysuru, Karnataka
• Neighboring Parks: Adjacent to Nagarhole National Park, Mudumalai National Park (Tamil Nadu), and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala).

• • Bandipur Tiger Reserve is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
    • The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was the first biosphere reserve in India established in the year 1986.
    • It encompasses parts of Tamilnadu, Kerala   and Karnataka.
• Establishment: In 1973, Bandipur was among the first nine reserves brought under Project Tiger.  In 1985, it included most of the forest areas of the then Venugopala Wildlife Park and named as Bandipur National Park. 
• Rivers: The park is located between the Kabini river in the north and the Moyar river in the south. The Nugu river runs through the park. 
• Flora and Fauna: 
  • Apart from the two famed residents (tigers and elephants), a number of other endangered species such as sloth bears, gaurs, Indian rock pythons, jackals, muggers, and four-horned antelopes can be spotted in this national park.
  • Bandipur also supports a wide range of timber trees including teak, rosewood, sandalwood, Indian-laurel, Indian Kino tree, giant clumping bamboo.

About ‘Project Tiger’:

• It was launched on April 1, 1973 from  Jim Corbett National Park.
• Objective: to promote conservation of the tiger.
• It not only focused on the conservation of the tiger but also ensured the preservation of their natural habitat as tigers are at the top of the food chain. 
• Protection Status:
• • Schedule I: Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
  • Endangered: International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List
  • Appendix I: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

Also Read: Project Tiger And Project Elephant Merger

India’s largest Tiger Reserve: 

• Damoh district in Madhya Pradesh is set to become the country’s largest tiger reserve. 
• The central government has given its nod to merge the Noradehi Sanctuary with the Durgavati Sanctuary in Damoh district. 
• Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary:  Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary, spanning around 1,197 sq km, is the largest wildlife sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh. 
• It acts as a crucial corridor connecting Panna and the Satpura Reserves, indirectly linking Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve through Rani Durgavati Wildlife Sanctuary.

News Source: The HIndu

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Context:

• The Prime Minister of India is set to attend the World Climate Action Summit (WCAS) in Dubai, UAE, during the 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 28).

World Climate Action Summit (WCAS)

• The WCAS, also known as the “high-level segment,” is part of COP-28 where world leaders or their representatives meet. 
• They are expected to make statements regarding their countries’ intent and contributions to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

India’s Climate Targets and Previous Commitments:

• During the 26th COP in Glasgow, Scotland in 2021, Prime Minister announced specific climate targets known as “Panchamrit.”
  • Achieve “net zero” or carbon neutrality by 2070.
  • Install at least 500 gigawatts (GW) of non-fossil energy by 2030.
  • Cut carbon emissions by a billion tonnes.
  • Reduce the carbon-intensity of the economy by 45%.
  • Meet half of India’s energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030.

India’s Leadership in Climate Change:

• Climate change was a priority during India’s G20 Presidency, with commitments to triple installed renewable energy capacity sources by 2030.
• COP28 seen as an opportunity to build on these successes.

About UNFCCC:

The UNFCCC secretariat (UN Climate Change) is the United Nations entity tasked with supporting the global response to the threat of climate change.

Origin:

• The UNFCCC, signed in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development also known as the Earth Summit, the Rio Summit, or the Rio Conference.
• The UNFCCC entered into force on March 21, 1994.
• The Convention has near universal membership (197 Parties). 
• Secretariat: Bonn, Germany.
• UNFCCC’s Institutional Arrangements:
• • The Conference of the Parties (COP)
  • COP President and Bureau
  • Subsidiary Bodies (SBs)
  • The Secretariat

About COP:

• COP stands for Conference of the Parties, with “parties” referring to the 197 nations that agreed to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
• It is the apex decision-making body of UNFCCC.
• It reviews the national commitments and emission inventories submitted by Parties. Based on this information, the COP assesses the progress made in achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention.

News Source: The Hindu

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Context:

• The Union Government has decided to rename Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres (AB-HWCs) to ‘Ayushman Arogya Mandir‘ with the tagline ‘Arogyam Parmam Dhanam.’

Ayushman Bharat Health and Wellness Centres to be renamed as Ayushman Arogya Mandir

• States and Union Territories are urged to complete the rebranding by the end of 2023. 
• Vision and Purpose: The renaming aligns with the goal of Ayushman India, moving from illness-centric to wellness-centric healthcare delivery.

About Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY):

• Universal Health Coverage: PMJAY was launched as a step towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC). The concept covers three key elements — access, quality, and financial protection.

• It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme having central sector component under the Ayushman Bharat Mission anchored in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). 
• Umbrella Scheme: It is an umbrella of two major health initiatives, namely Health and wellness Centres and National  Health Protection Scheme.

Pillars of the Scheme:

• Health and Wellness Centres: 
  • Aim: To move away from selective health care to a more comprehensive range of services spanning preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative care for all ages.
  • Expanding Range of Services: It includes include care for non -communicable diseases, palliative and rehabilitative care, Oral, Eye and ENT care, mental health and first level care for emergencies and trauma , including free essential drugs and diagnostic services
• National Health Protection Mission (AB-PMJAY): It provides comprehensive hospitalisation cover for secondary and tertiary care.

More Information: Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY)

News Source: The HIndu

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Context:

• Recently, the 554th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev was celebrated.

Guru Nanak Jayanti 2023 

• Guru Nanak Jayanti, also known as Gurpurab, is a Sikh festival celebrated on the fifteenth lunar day of the Hindu month of Kartik. This year, it falls on 27 November 2023.
• It marks the birth anniversary of the first of the ten Sikh gurus and the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak Dev Ji.

About Guru Nanak Dev JI

• Birthplace: Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born in 1469 in Talwandi Rai Bhoe village near Lahore, which was later renamed as Nankana Sahib.
• Contributions and Legacy:
  • He composed the hymns for the Guru Granth Sahib and finished 974 of them. 
  • Writings: His written compositions were included in the Adi Granth compiled by Guru Arjan (1563-1606), the fifth Sikh guru.
    • This came to be known as Guru Granth Sahib after the additions made by the 10th guru Guru Gobind Singh (1666-1708).
  • Guru Nanak Dev Ji is credited for bringing wisdom to humanity and laying the foundations for the Sikh religion. 
  • His teachings emphasize oneness of god, wealth, social fairness, and selfless service to humanity.
  • Advocated the ‘Nirguna’ (devotion to and worship of formless divine) form of bhakti.

Three pillars of Sikhism: Guru Nanak Dev founded and formalized the three pillars of Sikhism:

• Naam Japna (Meditation on God’s Name): 
  • Sikhs are encouraged to remember and meditate on the name of God (often referred to as “Waheguru” or “Satnam”) as a way to maintain a strong connection with the Divine. 
  • The practice of Naam Japna involves constant remembrance and repetition of God’s name as a means of spiritual growth and realization.  
• Kirat Karni (Honest and Hard Work): 
  • Guru Nanak emphasized the importance of leading an honest and truthful life. 
  • Sikhs are expected to earn their living through honest labor and to avoid engaging in unethical or fraudulent activities. 
  • The concept of Kirat Karni promotes the idea that work should be carried out with integrity and in service to humanity.  
• Vand Chakna (Sharing with Others): 
  • Sikhs are encouraged to engage in selfless service and acts of charity. 
  • This includes sharing one’s wealth, resources, and time with those in need. 
  • The community kitchen, known as “langar,” is a significant manifestation of Vand Chakna, where free meals are provided to all, regardless of their background or social status. 
  • This practice promotes equality and community service.
• Death: In 1539 at Kartarpur, Punjab.
  • Kartarpur Corridor: It is a border crossing between India and Pakistan that connects the Dera Baba Nanak Sahib in the Indian state of Punjab and Gurudwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur in Pakistan.

• • • Kartarpur is located at the west bank of river Ravi where Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji spent last 18 years of his life.
    • Gurdwara Dera Baba Nanak is about 1 km from the Indo- Pakistan border and on the east bank of River Ravi.

News Source: PIB

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Context:

• The Ministry of Law and Justice, celebrated Constitution Day at Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi, in a ceremony commemorating the adoption of the Constitution on November 26, 1949.

Constitution Day of India 2023

• The event was followed by the release of two books published by the Ministry of Law and Justice and Indian Law Institute titled ‘ A Guide to Alternative Dispute Resolution’ and ‘Perspectives on Constitution and Development’ respectively.

About Constitution Day or Samvidhan Divas

• India commemorates Constitution Day or Samvidhan Divas on November 26. 
• This day was initially celebrated as Law Day but was officially modified to Constitution Day by the Indian government in 2015.
• Aim: Encourage people to follow Constitutional values in their lives.
• Adoption of Constitution: November 26 is the day when India adopted its constitution in 1949.
• Enforcement: The Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950.

Interesting Facts about Indian Constitution:

• The Indian Constitution is completely hand-written and designed.
• Sh. Nand Lal Bose, a pioneer of modern Indian Art, designed the borders of every page of the Constitution and adorned it with art pieces. 
• Sh. Prem Behari Narain Raizada, a master of calligraphic art, single handedly hand wrote the Constitution.
• The original manuscript of the Constitution was written on parchment sheets measuring 16X22 inches having a lifespan of a thousand years! It weighed 3.75 kgs.
• The Indian Constitution’s name is borrowed from the US. Its positions and functions is borrowed from the British Constitution
• The Constituent Assembly (CA) was set up in 1946 set up under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946. 
  • The Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946, and elected Dr. Sachhidanand Sinha, the oldest member of the Assembly as the Provisional President. 
  • On December 11, 1946, the Assembly elected Dr Rajendra Prasad as its permanent Chairman.

News Source: PIB

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Context:

• This article is based on the news  “Nurture all universities for Indian higher education to get Globally Competitive” Which was published in the Live Mint. The higher education system in India is facing the challenge of delivering quality education that can compete on a global scale, as it currently lacks representation among the top 100 institutions worldwide. 

Current Status of Indian Higher Education 2023

• With more than 38 million students enrolled in approximately 50,000 academic institutions, including 1,100 universities, India is the world’s second-largest higher education system.
• Over the past decade, India has made strides in the World University Rankings. A total of 66 Indian universities have collectively secured 355 entries, marking an 18.7% increase compared to the previous year. 
  • This accomplishment positions India as Asia’s second most represented country in the QS World University Rankings for 2023.
• Currently, the global landscape of top-ranked universities is predominantly influenced by business and technology schools from the United States and Europe. 
  • In contrast, only a limited number of Indian universities and colleges have succeeded in securing positions on these lists, often achieving lower rankings.
• Despite their long-standing existence of over 70 years and achieving national prominence, some top Indian institutions have yet to significantly impact the global stage. 

Also Read: QS World University Rankings 2024

About Higher Education in India 

• Higher Education: It starts after high school (10+2) and encompasses a diverse landscape of universities, colleges, and institutions that offer undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programs across various disciplines. 
• Diversity of Institutions: India has a vast and diverse higher education system, ranging from institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and National Institutes of Technology (NITs) to state and private universities, colleges, and specialized institutions.
• University System: The university system in India includes central universities, state universities, deemed universities, and private universities. 
  • Each state typically has its own university system, contributing to the decentralization of higher education.
• Entrance Examinations: Admissions to prestigious institutions often involve competitive entrance examinations. 
  • For instance, exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), Common Admission Test (CAT), and Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) are conducted for admission to engineering, management, and postgraduate programs, respectively.
• Technical and Professional Education: Institutions like the IITs, Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), and National Law Schools are renowned for their quality education in engineering, management, and law.

What factors have driven the evolution of Indian higher education institutions?

• Changing Student Expectations: The trend of studying abroad is on the rise as students increasingly seek high-quality education, access to esteemed faculty, cutting-edge facilities, and innovative teaching methods that equip them for a highly competitive global job market. 
  • This further offers students a distinctive chance to engage with diverse cultures, acquire global perspectives, and cultivate essential skills.
• Renewed Emphasis on Research and Innovation: The establishment of research funding bodies and the promotion of startups and incubators in academic institutions have led to a surge in research output and innovation.
  • The education sector is undergoing a noticeable transformation induced by the implementation of the New Education Policy (NEP) and the establishment of Institutions of Eminence (IOEs) acting as catalysts for change.Flourishing Global Collaborations: The NEP has set out an ambitious liberalising agenda with the aim of making India a “global study destination” and “global knowledge superpower”. 
  • For instance, the Minister of Commerce and Industry recently convened a discussion with academicians at Stanford University. highlighting the potential for collaboration between Indian and international higher education institutions.
• Desire for International Recognition: Institutions are making strategic investments In pursuit of improved national and global rankings. For example, both IIT Bombay and IIT Delhi secured positions within the global top 200 in the 2024 QS Rankings. 
  • Further, private institutions such as Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Shoolini University, etc. have successfully secured positions in the top 1,000 globally.

What challenges does higher education in India face?

• Lack of Comprehensive Education: The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs report highlights analytical thinking, creative thinking, curiosity, and lifelong learning as top skills businesses will prioritize by 2027. However, Indian Universities face the challenge of providing a comprehensive education that includes exposure to liberal studies, enabling students to develop these essential 21st-century skills. 
  • The implementation of blended learning is facilitating a wide array of skill options, allowing students the flexibility to select learning paths and programs based on their interests and abilities is a fundamental principle of the NEP.
• Teacher vacancies:  According to the University Grants Commission (UGC), the total number of sanctioned teaching posts in various Central Universities are 16,699 for professors, 4,731 for associate professors, and 9,585 for assistant professors.  Out of the total sanctioned teaching posts, 5,925 (35%) professor posts, 2,183 (46%) associate professor posts, and 2,459 (26%) assistant professor posts are vacant.
  • The challenge of faculty shortages is exacerbated in high-demand fields like data science or cloud computing. Due to this colleges are incorporating online solutions to mitigate faculty shortages, particularly in domains like computer science. 
  • Additionally, universities are exploring HyFlex (hybrid-flexible) learning models, allowing students to independently complete modules online, while in-class time is allocated for discussions and collaborative work.
  • Lack of Collaboration with Industries: Collaboration between universities and industries pertains to the interactions involving the transfer of knowledge or technology between any segment of the higher education system and the industry. 
  • There is a notable lack of collaboration between India’s higher education system and industries, resulting in a gap between theoretical knowledge and practical applications. 
• Operational Disconnect Among Different Regulators: India has several higher education regulatory bodies, such as the UGC, All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), etc. which attempts to regulate higher education institutions independently, lacking consultative mechanisms and resulting in overlapping functions. 
  • The Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) was proposed in the NEP as a principal regulator for higher education.
• Other Challenges:
  • Shortage of resources:  The bulk of the enrolment in higher education is handled by state universities and their affiliated colleges.  However, these state universities receive very small amounts of grants in comparison.  
  • Nearly 65% of the UGC budget is utilized by the central universities and their colleges while state universities and their affiliated colleges get only the remaining 35%.Technological Gaps: Outdated technology and a lack of access to modern educational tools hinder the effectiveness of teaching and learning processes.
  • PrivatiSation and Rising Cost of Education: The increasing cost of higher education limits access to quality education leading to a potential exclusion of deserving candidates. 
  • Research and Innovation 
  • Gender Perspective:

Way Forward:

Although Indian institutions have faced obstacles in achieving top global rankings, there is immense scope for improvement through strategic reforms and focused endeavors. 

• Accreditation Framework:  All higher education institutions must undergo mandatory and periodic accreditation processes conducted by agencies, ensuring transparency and maintaining high quality. 
  • The Standing Committee on Education, Women, Children, Youth, and Sports  noted the need to examine issues of the National Board of Accreditation and National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) through a compilation of feedback from higher education institutions.  
• Improve Learning Outcomes: To address the challenge of brain drain (a growing number of students pursuing higher education abroad), the Ministry of Education has taken steps to facilitate the establishment of foreign universities in India. 
  • For instance, Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) have been signed with two distinguished Australian institutions, Deakin University and Wollongong University, enabling them to establish campuses in the Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City). 
• Prioritising Open, Distance, and Online Education: The main goal of open distance learning is to impart knowledge and skills to individuals who otherwise lack access to traditional learning opportunities.
  • Expanding the availability of open distance learning programs and massive open online courses can facilitate global access to high-quality educational content. 
• Foster Strong Industry Integration: Establishing collaborative partnerships, facilitating internships, and promoting industry-academia interactions are crucial in developing a curriculum that equips students with the skills and knowledge that are sought after in the job market. Through these partnerships, institutions gain insights into industry needs, emerging trends, and technological advancements. 
  • “Professor of Practice” initiative by UGC: This role is aimed at industry and professional experts who do not meet the typical requirements for a professorship, such as a PhD. 
• Foster Global Collaboration: By engaging in student and faculty exchanges, collaborative research projects, and initiatives for knowledge-sharing, Indian institutions have the potential to foster a dynamic learning environment and develop curricula that are globally relevant.
  • For instance, a dedicated portal called ‘Study in India’ has been developed to address the issues of international students.
  • The term ‘deemed university’ creates confusion in foreign countries as there is no such concept in many countries.  Thus the central government may consider allowing deemed universities to use the term ‘university’ by amending the UGC Act, 1956. 
• Continuous Development for Faculty: The Department of Higher Education should consider reforms to shorten the recruitment process of faculties. Further, Institutions should prioritise professional development programs that enhance teaching methodologies and pedagogical skills. 
  • These programs enable faculty to create engaging learning environments, incorporate active learning methods, and integrate technology into their teaching. 
  • Internal platforms for collaboration and knowledge exchange further enhance faculty development, fostering a culture of continuous improvement.
• 5 Plans for 5 Years: A roadmap comprising five plans, each outlining key goals and vision for a period of five consecutive years starting in 2022, would provide systematic and quantifiable progress to achieve its long-term vision of becoming a robust, world-class higher education system by 2047.

Conclusion:

By implementing appropriate policy changes, involving government initiatives, industry interventions, and active participation from the academic community in India, institutions have the potential to rise to the levels of top global universities and colleges. 

Further Reading: 

• Indian Education System
• Technology Interventions in Education
• Parliamentary Standing Committee Report on New Education Policy.

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Context:

• This article is based on the news  “India’s space economy to soar to $40 billion by 2040: Union Minister” Which was published in the Live Mint. According to Deloitte consultancy, private investments in the Space sector increased by 77 percent between 2021 and 2022 with the Opening of 190 Indian space start-ups. It was twice as many as a year earlier.

Current Status of Indian SpaceTech Sector

• The Indian SpaceTech sector has received $62 million in funding in 2023 so far, registering a 60% increase, compared to the same period last year, according to data research firm Tracxn.
• Companies like Skyroot, for instance, have launched India’s first privately built rocket, Vikram-S, into space, with plans to revolutionize satellite launches.
• The Indian Space Policy 2023 formally laid down the regulations for privatizing space missions in India, and also denoted clear guidelines of operations for NewSpace India Limited (Nsil) — Isro’s commercial arm — and Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe).
  • Private startups can thus offer satellite communication services, operate on-ground mission control centres, place their own satellites in orbit, establish and commercially-run privately-owned remote satellite services, undertake space safety projects, and also “engage in the commercial recovery of an asteroid resource or a space resource.”

Potential of India’s Space Sector:

• Space economy: At present, the Indian space economy is valued at around ₹6,700 crore ($8.4 billion) with a 2% share in the global space economy.
• Revenue From Satellite launch: Revenue from launching European satellites amounted to EUR 230-240 million. Launches for American satellites brought in around $170-180 million.
• Future Prospect: As per IN-SPACe’s projection, India’s space economy has the potential to reach ₹35,200 crore ($44 billion) by 2033 with about 8% of the global share.
• Export Share: At present, the share of the domestic market is ₹6,400 crore ($8.1 billion). The export market share is ₹2,400 crore ($0.3 billion)

Status of Privatisation of Space Sector: 

• As per SpaceTech Analytics, India is the sixth-largest player in the industry internationally having 3.6% of the world’s space-tech companies (as of 2021). The U.S. holds the leader’s spot housing 56.4% of all companies in the space-tech ecosystem. 
  • Other major players include the U.K. (6.5%), Canada (5.3%), China (4.7%) and Germany (4.1%).
• According to the Economic Survey of India, there have been over 100 active space companies since 2012. 

India allows Private Participation: 

• Enhancing Foreign direct investment: It will also serve as a key driver for attracting more foreign direct investment for space startups and related technology companies in India. 
  • FDI in the space sector will allow more Indian spacetech companies to collaborate with foreign investors and foster more knowledge exchange, and better-funded research and development.
  • At present, FDI in the space sector is permitted up to 100% in the area of satellite establishment and operations, but only through the Government route.
• Realizing the vision of ‘’Make in India”: The vision of “Make in India” and “Aatmanirbhar Bharat” initiatives call for a remodeling of the mostly government-led space sector of the country.
• Policy Framework and Goals: The Private Sector participation will help India increase its share in the global space economy from about 2 per cent to 9 percent by 2030, according to a recent report by Deloitte India.
  • The Indian Space Policy 2023 provides a framework that prioritizes private players’ involvement in the space sector. 
• Socio-Economic Impact of Space Applications: Empowering the private sector amplifies the socio-economic impact of space applications.
  • By finding innovative solutions to pressing challenges in areas such as agriculture, disaster management, or communication, the private sector can bring significant improvement to people’s lives.
  • For Example: Companies like Pixxel have introduced technologies for earth observation, while Dhruva Space and Bellatrix Aerospace are contributing to the sector through their unique offerings.
• Emerging Opportunities in the Global Space Sector: Future opportunities in fascinating areas like space tourism and commercial recovery of space resources are coming up, promising an enormous scope of growth in the sector.
• ISRO’s Focus on Core Competencies: India’s space industry comprises a significant number of small and medium-sized enterprises that supply components for satellite and launch vehicle manufacturing. 
  • Encouraging private participation could free up ISRO to focus on science, research and development, interplanetary exploration, and strategic launches.

Impact of Reforms: 

• Accelerated Innovation and Technology Development: Private players are expected to bring fresh perspectives, innovation, and a competitive spirit to the space sector, leading to the development of cutting-edge technologies and solutions.
• Enhanced Access to Space Technologies: Increased private participation will make space technologies more accessible to a wider range of users, including government agencies, industries, and startups. This will drive the adoption of space-based solutions across various sectors.
• PSLV Productionisation One of the major breakthroughs in commercialization is PSLV productionisation through Industry. 
  • NSIL and HAL exchanged the MOU for producing 5 nos. of PSLVs. L&T is partnering with HAL in the consortium
• Transfer Of Technology: Non-disclosure agreements and MOUs for transfer of technologies have been signed between ISRO centers and several private sector companies.
  • To capture the small satellite launching market ISRO has developed a Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) with a view to transfer the technology to the industry. The first development flight was launched. The technology will be transferred to the industry after successful qualification. 
• Investment in Space Sector: Ranking 7th globally in terms of funding, the Indian space startup sector has seen significant funding growth, from Rs 28 million in 2020 to Rs 112 million in 2022, with Rs 62 million invested in the first half of the current year. This surge can be attributed to increased demand for space-based solutions, cost-effective satellite manufacturing, reduced launch costs, and advancements in supporting technologies like AI and 3D printing.
  • IFSCA entered into an MoU with DoS on July 29, 2022, at Ahmedabad in the presence of the Hon’ble Prime Minister to promote international investments in the Space sector.
• Human Resource Development: ISRO and the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE) have launched a skill development program in the space domain. 
  • 40 young professionals from across the country and 100 ISRO staff were trained in the last 2 months at National Skill Training Institutes (NSTI) under MSDE. 
  • This Programme will continue every month for imparting skilled courses for ISRO Staff. 
  • Capacity Building Commission (CBC) in association with STI-CB cell, PSA’s office, and ISRO has launched a Leadership Training Programme for 32 scientists from 8 science ministries. ISRO has taken the lead in hosting the program.

Challenges:

• Access to capital: In terms of lack of financing, private capital is still not flowing freely and blindly through to space-based enterprises like it is with internet-, digital media- and hardware-related technology businesses. 
• For Example: In 2015, approximately $129 billion in VC funding was deployed globally across 7,872 deals. Of this total, just over $2 billion was deployed to space-based companies across 44 deals.
• Access to insurance: There also is a lack of adequate and secured insurance, which is because of the inability of insurers to see and test the reliability of space-based technologies in the recent past
• Ability to create self-sustaining markets: An inability to forge self-sustaining commercial markets in the past puts into question the commercial viability of space-based enterprises. 
  • For Instance, Two decades ago, the commercial satellite business was expected to achieve independence within a few years of being established, but government involvement is still needed to this day to see projects to the execution phase.

The Pros And Cons Of Privatizing Space Exploration 

• Reduce exploration Cost: Companies like SpaceX, Blue Origin, Virgin Galactic, and Arianespace have revolutionized the space sector by reducing costs and turnaround time, with innovation and advanced technology.
• Tourism: Blue Origin, a private spaceflight company founded by Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos, is developing a reusable rocket system that could take passengers on trips beyond Earth’s atmosphere.
• Natural Resources: In 2017, Luxembourg became the first European country to establish a legal framework securing private rights over resources mined in space, and similar steps have been taken at the domestic level in Japan and the United Arab Emirates.

Cons: 

• Regulation: Though it is a profitable investment, regulation of private sector participation is not easy. 
  • The time taken for regulatory clearances and unstable political institutions can cause delays and hurdles in the decision-making of investors.
• Spacecraft emissions: The participation of the private sector in the aerospace industry has led to an enormous increase in the number of launches that will likely continue to grow in spacecraft emissions. 
  • For Instance, Atmospheric scientists, Martin Ross and Darin Toohey (2019), explained that particulate emissions from rockets may have a significant impact on the global climate.
• Growing number of collisions and Orbital debris: NASA researchers, Matney, Vavrin, and Manis (2017), suggest that satellite constellations and the increase of launches due to private sector participation are leading to a growing number of collisions, and consequently, orbital debris.
  • Orbital debris poses a serious threat to both satellites and manned space exploration, such as the inhabitants of the International Space Station.

Way Forward:

• Enable and promote Non-Governmental Entities (NGE): To carry out independent space activities Provide a level playing field and favorable regulatory environment for players within the Indian private sector, to allow them to become independent actors in the space sector instead of being solely vendors or suppliers to the government program.
• Open up ISRO Infrastructure and Facilities: The reform also aims to make national space infrastructure developed over the years, available for use by the private industry through a business-friendly mechanism. 
  • Facilities pertaining to testing, tracking and telemetry, launch-pads, and laboratories, created by ISRO, would also enable the private space industry to climb the value chain.
• Demand-driven approach for the development of Space Assets: Optimizing the utilization of space assets such as satellites and launch capacity by determining accountability amongst various stakeholders. 
  • Creation of new assets to be made contingent on confirmation of demand from user agencies/ entities.
• Upskilling the human power:  DoS and the Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE), under an MoU, conduct ISRO Technical Training Programme (ITTP) at various National Skill Training Institutes (NSTIs) across the country to upskill/reskill 4000 Technicians / Technical / Scientific Assistants of ISRO in four to five years in phased manner to give a boost to private sector participation in space sector.

Also Read: I2U2’s Space Venture and Strategic Significance 

Conclusion:

With a robust regulatory framework, more schemes to promote ease of doing business for spacetech businesses, and a pathway for private sector investment, the country’s space sector holds the potential to become a trailblazer in the global space market.

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