Surangam: A Unique Water Harvesting System in India

This article sheds light on the old age water harvesting system – Afghanistan’s karez system and  surangam.  

Introduction to Surangam

• The surangam is a traditional water harvesting system primarily found in northern Kerala and southern Karnataka.
  • It is also known as suranga
• It consists of a tunnel dug through laterite hillocks, allowing water and moisture to seep out from the periphery.
• Similar in concept to the qanats of Mesopotamia and karez systems of Persia, surangam was adapted to suit local conditions in India.
• Local Use: It is used for domestic and agricultural purposes in northern Malabar.

Enroll now for UPSC Online Classes

Origins and Historical Debate

• Earlier theories linked surangam to Persian karez systems, but newer studies argue for an indigenous origin:

• • A 2015 research paper proposed that the system was likely developed by Karhada Brahmin families who migrated to Kasargod in the 17th century under duress.
  • They might have adapted the technology to exploit springs in laterite hills, digging deeper as water sources receded.
• Local Context:
  • Persian influence is evident in the karez systems of Burhanpur (Madhya Pradesh), Bijapur, and Bidar (Karnataka), but there is no direct evidence linking surangam to these systems.

Cultural and Historical Influence

• Deccan Sultanates and Mysuru Connection:
  • Knowledge transfer may have occurred during the Mughal and Maratha rule or under the Wodeyar Kingdom of Mysuru.
  • Tipu Sultan’s reign might have facilitated knowledge exchange via Mangaluru port trade or migrations.
• Cultural Heritage:
  • The Karhada Brahmin community considers surangams a part of their cultural legacy, aiding their preservation.

Comparison with Karez System

• Similarities:
  • Both systems are the underground water channels used in arid regions.
• Differences:
  • Karez systems are long tunnels with vents, built in water-scarce regions like Persia.
  • Surangams are shorter (up to 300 meters), with few or no vents, designed to access water in laterite hills.

Check Out UPSC NCERT Textbooks From PW Store

Other ancient water harvesting systems