India–Bangladesh Relations: Addressing the Trust Deficit and Strengthening Regional Cooperation

India played a crucial role in the creation of Bangladesh in 1971, but recent political developments, including the 2024 protests, the departure of Sheikh Hasina to India, the formation of an interim government under Muhammad Yunus, and the later rise of Tarique Rahman as Prime Minister, have changed the dynamics of India–Bangladesh relations.

Present Challenge

Trust Deficit

• India has attempted to strengthen engagement with Bangladesh through diplomatic visits, official invitations, and participation in important events; however, Bangladesh expects concrete policy actions and practical cooperation rather than only symbolic gestures to rebuild mutual trust.

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Major Issues in India–Bangladesh Relations

Trade Restrictions

• India had earlier taken measures such as:
  • Restricting certain Bangladeshi goods
  • Suspending some visa facilities
  • Reducing market access
• Bangladesh now seeks the reversal of these restrictions to improve economic and diplomatic relations.

Sheikh Hasina Issue

• Earlier, Bangladesh demanded the return of Sheikh Hasina to face legal proceedings in Bangladesh.
• The new government has not strongly pursued this demand, expecting greater cooperation and goodwill from India.

China Factor

• Bangladesh is increasing its engagement with countries like China and Malaysia for economic and strategic cooperation.
• However, India retains a geographical advantage due to shared borders, connectivity, and river systems, making India an important partner for Bangladesh.

Importance of India for Bangladesh

• Ganga Water Treaty: The Ganga Water Treaty expires on 31 December 2026.
• Importance:
  • Bangladesh depends heavily on shared river waters.
  • The Ganges-Kobadak irrigation project depends on water availability.

China cannot replace India’s geographical role.

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Way Forward

• Both countries need to adopt pragmatism, rebuild mutual trust, and strengthen regional cooperation, as maintaining stability in Bangladesh is important for India’s security and strategic interests.

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