GS III: Challenges to internal security.
Context: On Independence Day 2026, Prime Minister announced the creation of a large and modern civil defence network to prepare citizens for evolving security threats, including attacks on data centres, banking systems and critical infrastructure.
- The initiative will prepare citizens to respond to modern threats targeting critical infrastructure under the broader vision of Raksha Shakti and Aatmanirbhar Bharat.
About Civil Defence
- Civil defence refers to measures taken during emergencies to protect civilians, save lives, minimise property losses and ensure continuity of essential services.
- Its scope has expanded from protection against conventional warfare to include nuclear, biological and chemical threats, as well as natural and man-made disasters.
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Evolution of Civil Defence in India
- Pre-1962: Civil protection largely focused on preparedness of States and Union Territories, particularly major cities and towns.
- 1962: The Chinese aggression led to a reassessment of India’s civil defence requirements.
- 1965: The India-Pakistan conflict further expanded the scope and importance of civil defence.
- 1968: Parliament enacted the Civil Defence Act, 1968, providing the statutory framework for civil defence across India.
- Today: Civil defence increasingly encompasses disaster response, critical infrastructure protection, cyber-related disruptions and emerging security threats.
Why Modernise Civil Defence?
- Changing Nature of Warfare: Conflicts increasingly involve cyberattacks, drones, critical infrastructure disruption and information warfare, alongside conventional military operations.
- Critical Infrastructure Vulnerability: Banking, energy, telecommunications, transport and data infrastructure can become targets during conflicts.
- Hybrid Threats: Security challenges increasingly combine military, cyber, economic and informational dimensions.
- Civilian Preparedness: Citizens require awareness of emergency communication, evacuation, first aid and disaster-response protocols.
- Example: Japan’s regular earthquake drills demonstrate how public preparedness can strengthen disaster resilience.
- Disaster Convergence: The same response capabilities can support both security emergencies and natural disasters.
Role of Citizens and Volunteers
- Community Preparedness: Train citizens in first aid, evacuation, emergency communication and basic rescue.
- Volunteer Force: Develop a trained civil defence volunteer network that can support authorities during emergencies.
- Women’s Participation: Expand Nari Shakti in civil protection and emergency response.
- Youth Engagement: Harness the capabilities of young people in cybersecurity, technology and disaster response.
- Public Awareness: Conduct regular mock drills and preparedness exercises.
Key Challenges that need to be Addressed
- Training Capacity: Large-scale volunteer mobilisation requires standardised training and certification.
- Inter-agency Coordination: Effective response requires coordination among civil defence, armed forces, police, disaster-management authorities, health agencies and local governments.
Global Best Practices in Civil Defence:
- Sweden – Total Defence: Integrates civilian preparedness, military defence, critical infrastructure protection and public resilience, treating national security as a whole-of-society responsibility.
- Finland – 72-Hour Preparedness: Encourages households to remain self-sufficient for at least 72 hours during emergencies, reducing pressure on public authorities. Finland also maintains civil defence shelters and preparedness plans.
- Singapore – Community-Centric Civil Defence: The Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) combines public education, volunteer networks, emergency drills, shelters and early-warning systems.
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- Technology Integration: Civil defence needs early-warning systems, secure communication, cyber protection and counter-drone capabilities.
- Urban Vulnerability: Dense cities and interconnected infrastructure can amplify the consequences of attacks.
- Sustained Funding: Modernisation requires investment in equipment, training, communication networks and emergency infrastructure.
Case Studies- Ukraine and Iran Wars
- Ukraine War: Repeated attacks on power grids, telecommunications, water supply and other critical infrastructure show that modern civil defence must ensure continuity of essential services, decentralised backup systems and civilian preparedness.
- Lesson for India: Build resilient critical infrastructure + emergency power/communication + public evacuation and shelter systems.
- Iran-Israel Conflict: Missile and drone attacks demonstrate the growing importance of early-warning systems, air-raid shelters, emergency alerts and rapid civilian response.
- Lesson for India: Strengthen multi-hazard early warning, counter-drone capabilities, shelters and community-level response mechanisms.
Way Forward
- Modernise Preparedness: Update civil-defence protocols and training for cyber, drone, chemical, biological, nuclear and hybrid threats, with regular multi-hazard drills.
- Strengthen Coordination: Integrate Union, State, district and local authorities, Civil Defence Corps, disaster-response forces, critical infrastructure operators and volunteers through common protocols.
- Leverage Technology: Deploy artificial intelligence, geospatial tools, early-warning, secure communication, cyber resilience and counter-drone systems to protect critical infrastructure.
- Build Community Resilience: Train citizens, youth and volunteers in first aid, evacuation, rescue and emergency communication, leveraging National Cadet Corps and National Service Scheme.
- Promote Citizen Preparedness: Foster a culture of “prepared citizen, resilient nation” through continuous awareness, training and mock drills.
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Conclusion
The changing character of conflict requires civil defence to move beyond traditional air-raid preparedness towards whole-of-society resilience against cyber, drone, infrastructure, biological and disaster-related threats. A modern, trained and technology-enabled civil defence network can strengthen India’s national security, disaster resilience and citizen preparedness.
20 Aug 2026
