Ans: B

Exp:

Landfall is the event of a tropical cyclone coming onto land after being over water. As per the IMD, a tropical cyclone is said to have made landfall when the centre of the storm – or its eye – moves over the coast. Crucially a landfall should not be confused with a ‘direct hit’, which refers to a situation where the core of high winds (or eyewall) comes onshore but the centre of the storm may remain offshore. As per the US’s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), because the strongest winds in a tropical cyclone are not located precisely at the centre, it is possible for a cyclone’s strongest winds to be experienced over land, even if landfall does not occur.

Ans:  A

Exp: 

Wet Equatorial Climate is between 5° and 10° north and south of the equator. It is most commonly found in the Congo’s lowlands, Amazon River basin, Malaysia and the East Indies. The equatorial climate’s most notable characteristics are:

• Uniform temperature throughout the year. The mean monthly temperatures are always around 80°F with very little variation. 
• There is no winter. 
• Diurnal precipitation (daily precipitation) 
• Cloudiness and heavy precipitation help to moderate the daily temperature

Ans: D

Exp:

Statement 1 is correct: During its revolution around the sun, the Earth is farthest from the sun ( 152 million km) on 4th July. This position of the earth is called aphelion. On 3rd January, the earth is closest to the sun (147 million km ) this position is known as perihelion. Therefore, the annual insolation received by the earth on 3rd January(or perihelion) is slightly more than the amount received on 4th July(aphelion).

Statement 2 is incorrect: The dew point is the temperature the air needs to be cooled to (at constant pressure) in order to achieve a relative humidity (RH) of 100%. At this point, the air cannot hold more water in the gaseous form (or saturation point of air). The presence of hygroscopic nuclei is a must for precipitation to start. 

Statement 3 is correct: A thunderstorm is a well-grown cumulonimbus cloud producing thunder and lightning. They are of short duration, occurring over a small area but are violent. They are caused by intense convection on moist hot days 

Ans: B

Exp : 

Statement 1 is correct: There is a surplus (incoming solar radiation is greater than outgoing terrestrial radiation) between solar radiation and terrestrial radiation between the 40°north to 40°south and the region near the poles has a deficit ( terrestrial radiation is greater than incoming solar radiation). The surplus heat energy from the tropics is redistributed polewards, and as a result, the tropics do not get progressively overheated.

Statement 2 is correct: The entire planet does not store or release heat. It keeps its temperature constant. This is only possible if the heat lost by the earth through terrestrial radiation is equivalent to the heat absorbed as insolation. Some energy is reflected, dispersed, and absorbed as it travels through the atmosphere. Only the remainder reaches the surface of the earth. The statements I and II are independent statements.

Ans : B

Exp:

Statement 1 is incorrect: The atmosphere is transparent to shortwave solar insolation, while the atmosphere is opaque to long-wave terrestrial radiation. Most of the long-wave thermal terrestrial radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere. The remaining long waves get trapped within the atmosphere, preventing the escape of energy to outer space.

Statement 2 is correct: Sunlight reaches Earth’s atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by all the gases and particles in the atmosphere. Blue light is scattered more than the other colours because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is why we see a blue sky most of the time.

Statement 3 is incorrect: Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical deserts, where cloudiness is the least. The Equator receives comparatively less insolation than the tropics. Generally, at the same latitude, the insolation is higher over the continent than over the oceans.