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JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN STATES: SUBORDINATE COURT, JUDGES, AND LEGAL AID FOR JUSTICE

JUDICIAL HIERARCHY: HIGH COURT & SUBORDINATE COURTS, APPOINTMENT CRITERIA, AND CONTROL MECHANISMS #

State judiciary = High court + subordinate courts

Appointment of district judges Made by governor in consultation with high court

Qualifications:

  • Not already in service of Centre or state government
  • Have been advocate /pleader for seven years
  • Recommended by High court for appointment
Appointment of persons (other than district judges) Made by the governor in consultation with the state public service commission and high court.
Control over subordinate court By High Subordinate Court
District judge Include any judge of: city civil court + additional district judge + joint district judge + assistant district judge + chief judge of small cause Subordinate Court + chief presidency magistrate + additional chief presidency magistrate + sessions judge + additional sessions judge + assistant sessions judge
Judicial services Service consisting exclusively of persons intended to fill the post of district judge

 

Also Read: HIGH COURTS IN INDIA: FUNCTIONS AND POWERS

#

HIGH COURT

  • DISTRICT AND SESSIONS JUDGE
    • Highest judicial authority district Of district
    • Both civil (district judge) and criminal (sessions judge)
    • Administrative + judicial supervisory Appeal lies to high Subordinate Court
    • Capital punishment: subject to confirmation of high court

a. Subordinate court

    • Unlimited pecuniary jurisdiction over civil suits
    1. Munsiff’s court
      • Civil case of small pecuniary

b. Chief judicial magistrate court

    1. Judicial magistrate court

 

  • Article 39A (DPSP) – free legal aid to the poor and weaker sections of society and ensures justice for all
  • Article 14 and 22(1) – ensure equality before law and legal system which promotes justice on basis of equality of opportunity to all
  • 1987 – Legal services authority act was enacted by parliament came into force on 9th November 1995
  • NALSA: To monitor and evaluate implementation of legal aid programmes + To lay down policy and principles for making legal services available under the act throughout the country + In Every state – State legal services authority.
  • FUNCTIONS: Provide free and competent legal services to eligible ones + Organize Lok Adalat + Organize legal awareness camps.

GANDHIAN ADR: LOK ADALAT – FAST, AFFORDABLE, INFORMAL JUSTICE SINCE 1982 #

  • Pre litigation stages + based on Gandhian principles + One of component of ADR (Alternative Dispute Redressal) + Informal, cheap, expeditious + First Lok Adalat – Gujarat in 1982
  • State legal services authority or district legal service authority or supreme court legal services committee or high Subordinate Court legal services committee or taluk legal services may organize Lok Adalat
  • Every Adalat consists of such a number of serving or retired judicial officers and other persons of the area as may be specified by the agency.
  • Lok Adalat have power to determine and to arrive at compromise or settlement between parties to a dispute in respect:
    • Of any case pending before any Subordinate Court
    • Any matter which is falling within jurisdiction of any Subordinate Court and not brought before such Subordinate Court
  • No jurisdiction for non-compoundable offences
  • Same power as are vested in civil court and criminal court under code of civil procedure and code of criminal procedure respectively
  • Award of Lok Adalat = decree of civil court / order of any Subordinate Court
  • No appeal lies to award
Also Read: SUPREME COURT: STRUCTURE, APPOINTMENT, JURISDICTION, AND POWERS EXPLAINED

#

UTILITY SERVICE DISPUTE RESOLUTION: PERMANENT LOK ADALAT #

  • Amended legal service authority act 1987 In 2002 to provide for establishment of permanent Lok Adalat
  • Feature:
  • Chairman: is/has been district judge or additional district judge or has held judicial officer rank higher than that of district judge
  • In respect of one or more utility services (transport, telephone services etc.)
  • Pecuniary jurisdiction – up to 10 lakh
  • No jurisdiction – Non compoundable cases
  • Award: Final and binding
  • Family court act 1984 conciliation and speedy settlement of disputes related to marriage and family issues
  • Features:
  • Establishment of family court by state government with consultation with high Subordinate Court.
  • Obligatory to constitute family court – in population exceeds 1 million
  • Enable state govt to establish family court in other areas if deem necessary
  • Exclusive jurisdiction: Matrimonial relief + Property of spouses + Declaration of legitimacy of one person + Guardianship of a person or custody of any minor + Maintenance of wife, children and parents
  • Obligation for first a reconciliation from side of family court
  • No right to be represented by a legal practitioner.
  • Only one right to appeal – HIGH COURT
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 Final Result – CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2023.   Udaan-Prelims Wallah ( Static ) booklets 2024 released both in english and hindi : Download from Here!     Download UPSC Mains 2023 Question Papers PDF  Free Initiative links -1) Download Prahaar 3.0 for Mains Current Affairs PDF both in English and Hindi 2) Daily Main Answer Writing  , 3) Daily Current Affairs , Editorial Analysis and quiz ,  4) PDF Downloads  UPSC Prelims 2023 Trend Analysis cut-off and answer key

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 Final Result – CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION, 2023.   Udaan-Prelims Wallah ( Static ) booklets 2024 released both in english and hindi : Download from Here!     Download UPSC Mains 2023 Question Papers PDF  Free Initiative links -1) Download Prahaar 3.0 for Mains Current Affairs PDF both in English and Hindi 2) Daily Main Answer Writing  , 3) Daily Current Affairs , Editorial Analysis and quiz ,  4) PDF Downloads  UPSC Prelims 2023 Trend Analysis cut-off and answer key

Quick Revise Now !
AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD SOON
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध
Quick Revise Now !
UDAAN PRELIMS WALLAH
Comprehensive coverage with a concise format
Integration of PYQ within the booklet
Designed as per recent trends of Prelims questions
हिंदी में भी उपलब्ध

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