|
Conservation Measures: Modes, Protected Areas, Action Plans, and Initiatives |
MODES OF CONSERVATION
| Ex situ Conservation | In-situ Conservation |
| Conserving biodiversity out from their natural habitat and in a special setting. | Conserving biodiversity in their natural habitats. |
| Example: Zoological park or botanical garden, wildlife safari parks, Seed banks, horticultural and recreational gardens. | Example: National parks, wildlife sanctuaries, reserved forests, protected forests, Nature reserves. |
| With the help of advanced techniques threatened species can be preserved in viable and fertile conditions like cryopreservation techniques, some other examples include tissue culture, in vitro fertilization. | Sacred grooves are also considered as a part of in situ conservation. |
| Natural Extinction of Species: Continent drifting + climate change + tectonic activity + increased volcanic activity + The late Ordovician global glaciations (439 Mya) + The late Cretaceous extinction assumed to be associated with an extraterrestrial impact. |
CONSERVATION MEASURES: PROTECTED AREAS AS PROVIDED UNDER WPA 1972
| PARAMETER | WILDLIFE SANCTUARY | NATIONAL PARK | CONSERVATION RESERVE | COMMUNITY RESERVE | TIGER RESERVE |
| Year of formation | Wildlife protection Act (1972) | Wildlife protection Act (1972) | Amendment to the wildlife protection act in 2003 | Amendment to the wildlife protection act in 2003 | Amendment to the wildlife protection act in 2006 provides for statutory authority known as National tiger conservation authority (NTCA) |
| Declared by | State government by notification | State government by notification | State government after having consultations with local communities | State government after having consultations with local communities | State government on recommendation of National tiger conservation authority (NTCA) |
| Area | Areas that are considered to be of adequate ecological, geomorphological and natural significance | Areas that are considered to be of adequate ecological, geomorphological and natural significance | These are areas owned by the state government adjacent to national parks and sanctuaries for protecting the landscape, seascape and habitats. | Any community or private land provided members are agreeable to offer the land, it aims to improve socio economic conditions of the people living in such areas. | Area of critical tiger habitat and peripheral area for the purpose of tiger conservation without affecting the rights of STs or other forest dwellers. |
| Boundary Alteration | No alteration of boundaries in wildlife sanctuaries can be done without approval of the NBWL (National Board of Wildlife) | No alteration of boundaries in National park can be done without approval of the NBWL (National Board of Wildlife) | No alteration of boundaries in Tiger reserve can be done without approval of the NTCA. | ||
| Management | Chief wildlife warden | Chief wildlife warden | Conservation reserve management committee | Conservation reserve management committee | NTCA |
| Note: National parks enjoy greater degree of protection than sanctuaries. Conservation measures such as prohibiting grazing of livestock are enforced in national parks, but they are regulated in sanctuaries. Wildlife sanctuaries can be created for particular species but NP is not focused on particular species. |
CONSERVATION MEASURES: NATIONAL WILDLIFE ACTION PLAN
- By the Environment Ministry.
- Objective: preservation genetic diversity & sustainable development.
- Plan periods:
- 1983 to 2001 (1st Plan)
- 2002 to 2016 (2nd Plan)
- 2017-2031 (3rd Plan)
- The Third Wildlife Action Plan was drafted by the JC Kala committee.
- Salient features:
- This plan recognized the impact of climate change on wildlife for the 1st
- Integrates climate change mitigation actions into wildlife management.
- This conservation measure focuses on habitat conservation in coastal, marine, & inland aquatic ecosystems and also the recovery of threatened species.
CONSERVATION MEASURES: NATIONAL AFFORESTATION & ECO-DEVELOPMENT BOARD (NAEB)
- NAEB was set up in 1992 + under the MoEF & CC.
- Purpose: This conservation measure promotes afforestation, ecological restoration and eco-development activities in the country.
- Special attention given to the degraded forest areas and lands adjoining the protected areas as well as the ecologically fragile areas like the Western Himalayas, Aravallis, Western Ghats, etc.
CONSERVATION MEASURES: JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT (JFM)
- JFM recognizes the importance of the local community in managing forest resources.
- It draws its powers from National Forest Policy of 1988 & the Joint Forest Management Guidelines, 1990 of the GoI.
- Under JFM, village communities are entrusted with the protection and management of nearby forests.
- Case study: Joint conservation measures with the nomadic tribe of Maldharis, (in the vicinity of Gir National Park, Gujrat) has contributed to the improvement of the Lion population.
CONSERVATION MEASURES: NATIONAL BAMBOO MISSION (NBM)
- NBM, launched in 2006-07 + under Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH), Ministry of Agriculture.
- It is a centrally Sponsored scheme
- The Mission envisages promoting holistic growth of the Bamboo sector.
- Objective: This conservation measure aims to increase the area under Bamboo plantation in non-forest Government and private lands + To harness the potential of the Bamboo crop & livelihood development.
CONSERVATION MEASURES: ECOMARK
- Launched in 1991 + by the MoEF&&CC.
- This conservation measure is a voluntary labeling scheme for the identification of environmentally friendly products.
- Eco mark is administered by BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)
- Objective: to create awareness among the consumers towards reducing environmental impact.
- It is one of India’s earliest efforts in environmental standards (even before the 1992 Rio Summit)
CONSERVATION MEASURES: BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION & RURAL LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT PROJECT (BCRLIP)
- Assisted by the World Bank.
- Implemented by State governments + at national level the ‘Conservation and Survey Division’ of MoEF & CC oversees the project.
- Objective: to conserve Biodiversity in selected landscapes (including wildlife protected areas) & improve rural livelihood through people participation.
- The BCRLIP is the first national level attempt at linking conservation & local livelihoods on a landscape scale.
CONSERVATION MEASURES: COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION INDEX (CEPI)
- Developed by the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) in collaboration with IIT Delhi in 2009.
- CEPI is a rational number to characterize the environmental quality at a given location.
- Industrial clusters with:
- CEPI score of 70 & above are identified as Critically Polluted Areas (CPAs).
- CEPI score of above 60 & below 70 are identified as Severely Polluted Areas (SPAs).
CONSERVATION MEASURES: LIGHTING A BILLION LIVES (LaBL)
- Launched in 2007 by, TERI – The Energy and Resources Institute.
- Aims: to replace kerosene-based lighting with cleaner, more efficient and reliable solar lighting devices in rural areas.
- LaBL works on PPP
- Implementing approach includes:
- Fee-for-service model: poor users pay only nominal daily rent.
- Loan finance model: finances to create solar entrepreneurs.
- Apart from India the initiative extended to countries like Afghanistan, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Myanmar etc.
CONSERVATION MEASURES: NATIONAL CLEAN ENERGY FUND
- Created in 2010-11 using the Carbon Tax / Clean Energy Cess
- It is a Non lapsable fund + under the Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance.
- Usage of Fund: for funding research and innovative projects (both Public & private sector) in clean energy technologies.
CONSERVATION MEASURES: MANGROVES FOR THE FUTURE (MFF)
- Established in 2006 + MFF is a collaborative project developed by IUCN &
- It was based on the vision of former US’s President Bill Clinton to rebuild the 2004 tsunami-hit areas.
- Objective: to promote investment in coastal ecosystem conservation for sustainable development.
- Member countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Pakistan, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Viet Nam.
CONSERVATION MEASURES: NATIONAL ELECTRIC MOBILITY MISSION PLAN (NEMMP) 2020
- NEMMP is the vision document / roadmap for the faster adoption of Electric Vehicles (EV) & their manufacturing in the country.
- Government aims to provide fiscal and monetary incentives to kick start this nascent technology.
- As part of the NEMMP 2020, the Ministry of Heavy Industries formulated a Scheme viz. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India) Scheme in the year 2015.
| Also Read: Wildlife Conservation in India: Initiatives, Achievements & Future |
