Parliamentary System: Features, Merits and Distinctions from the British Model
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Parliamentary System: Articles, Principles, and the Westminster Model in India
- Articles for parliamentary system: Centre: 74 & 75 + States: 163 & 164.
- Parliamentary government = cabinet govt = responsible govt = Westminster type of govt.
Features of Parliamentary and Presidential Governments in India and the United States
PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT |
AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL GOVERNMENT |
Nominal & Real (Dual) Executives:
• President: Nominal executive (de jure), Head of State
• PM: Real executive (de facto), Head of Government.
• Council of Ministers headed by the PM to aid & advise the President.
• Advice is binding on President (42nd & 44th amendment) |
American President:
- Both head of State & Head of Government
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Majority Party Rule:
- Political party with majority seats in Lok Sabha forms the government.
- Leader of that party is appointed as PM by the President and Ministers are appointed by the President on the advice of the PM.
- If no single party secures a majority, the President invites a coalition of parties.
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- The President is elected by the electoral college for a fixed term of four years.
- The President cannot be removed by the Congress except by impeachment for a grave unconstitutional act.
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Collective Responsibility:
- Bedrock of parliamentary government.
- Article 75: CoM is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
- Lok Sabha can remove CoM by passing no confidence motion.
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- The President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress.
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Political Homogeneity:
- Single party majority: members of CoM from same political party à same ideology
- Coalition govt: CoM bound by consensus
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- Cabinet: Non-elected advisory body.
- Selected & appointed by the President.
- Responsible only for him.
- Removed by him.
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Double Membership:
- Ministers are members of both the legislature and executive.
- Minister who is not a member of the parliament for six consecutive months ceases to be a minister.
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- The President and his secretaries are not members of Congress nor do they attend the sessions.
- There is complete separation of power between legislature and executive.
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Leadership of PM:
- Leader of CoM
- Leader of parliament
- Leader of party in power
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Dissolution of Lower House:
- The President can dissolve Lok Sabha before the expiry of term on the recommendation of the PM.
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- The President cannot dissolve the House of Representatives (Lower House of Congress)
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Secrecy:
- Ministers follow the principle of secrecy about their proceedings, policies & decisions.
- Ministers take oaths of secrecy administered by the President.
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Fusion of powers. |
Separation of powers. |
What are the Merits and Demerits of the Parliamentary System?
MERITS |
DEMERITS |
Harmony between legislature & executive:
- Executive à part of legislature à cooperation and interdependence among executive and legislature.
- Less dispute and conflict between two organs.
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Unstable govt:
- Govt may lose its majority due to no confidence motion, political defection or breakdown of coalition.
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Responsible Government:
- Ministers are responsible to the Parliament for their acts.
- Parliament’s control over executive: question hour, discussions, debates, adjournment motion, no confidence motion.
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No Continuity in policies:
- Change in government brings change in policies.
- This is a roadblock in policy formulation & implementation in the long term.
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Prevents despotism:
- Executive authority is not vested in a single person but in CoM.
- Prevents dictatorship of the executive.
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Dictatorship of cabinet:
- Ruling party with absolute majority->cabinet all powerful.
- All policies are decided by the cabinet.
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Ready alternative govt:
- Opposition party provides an alternative government if the ruling party loses majority.
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Against separation of powers:
- CoM and Cabinet are part of the legislature.
- Cabinet: leader of legislature and executive.
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Wide representation:
- CoM provides representation to all sections & regions in the government.
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Govt by amateurs:
- Ministers are not experts in their fields->less administrative efficiency.
- Ministers can only be from parliament. The PM has no choice but to select outside experts.
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Factors Influencing the Adoption of the Parliamentary System in India
Familiarity with the system due to British Rule + Preference for more responsibility unlike in Presidential system + Need to avoid Legislative – Executive Conflict like in USA where there is complete separation of powers + Nature of Indian society like heterogeneous sections, linguistic, religious, ethnic diversity. Parliamentary system gives wider representation.
Understanding the Differences: Indian vs. British Parliamentary Systems
INDIAN MODEL |
BRITISH MODEL |
Republican system: Head of State (President) is indirectly elected. |
Monarchical system: Head of State (King/Queen) is hereditary. |
Constitutional supremacy |
Parliamentary sovereignty |
The PM may be a member of any of the houses. |
The PM should be a member of the Lower House. |
A person who is not a member of any house can be appointed as minister, but only for six months. |
Usually members of parliament are appointed as ministers. |
No system of legal responsibility of ministers. Ministers are not required to countersign the official acts. |
System of legal responsibility of the minister. Ministers are required to countersign the official acts. |
No Shadow Cabinet |
Shadow Cabinet by opposition: to balance the ruling cabinet and prepare its members for future ministerial office. |