The latter half of the 19th century in India witnessed the genesis of a new era, one defined by the rise of modern nationalism and a shift from sporadic rebellions to organized resistance. This transformative phase in the Indian freedom struggle is often identified as the “Moderate Phase,” which spanned from 1885 to 1905. It is a period significant for its advocacy for rights and self-governance and is marked by the establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC), the platform that eventually spearheaded India’s fight for independence.
Ideological Foundations of the Moderates
Faith in British Justice and Liberalism: The early nationalists, or moderates, trusted in the essential righteousness and liberal principles of the British people and their parliamentary system.
- They held the conviction that exposing the unjust aspects of colonial rule would prompt corrective measures from the British government and the public.
- Gradualism and Evolutionary Politics: Steeped in the belief that abrupt political upheaval was detrimental, the moderates championed an evolutionary strategy. They envisaged steady progress toward self-governance through reforms and discussions rather than revolutions.
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- The moderate politicians expected that full political freedom would come gradually and India would be ultimately given self-governing rights like those enjoyed by the other colonies such as Canada or Australia.
Core Objectives of the Moderates
- Administrative Reforms: Advocating for a more representative governance structure, the moderates demanded the Indianization of public services.
- They pressed for holding the Indian Civil Services examinations both in India and Britain to ensure more equitable opportunities.
- Expansion and Empowerment of Legislative Councils: They sought to enhance the size and jurisdiction of the legislative councils, arguing for a transition from mere advisory roles to more authoritative capacities involving Indians in decision-making processes.
- Expansion of Legislative Representation: They also wanted to broaden Indian participation in legislatures through an expansion of the central and provincial legislatures by introducing 50 percent elected representation from local bodies, chambers of commerce, and universities.
- Legislative Oversight and Budgetary Control: They also wanted the budget to be referred to the legislature, which should have the right to discuss and vote on it and also the right of interpellation.
- There should also be a right to appeal to the Standing Committee of the House of Commons against the Government of India.
- Economic Reforms: The moderates provided a detailed critique of the colonial economy, emphasising the necessity to lessen land taxes, abolish monopolistic salt taxes, and curtail excessive military spending.
- They highlighted the economic drain inflicted by British policies and advocated for industrial and fiscal strategies that would benefit the Indian economy.
- Civil Rights and Liberties: The movement vigorously called for the preservation of civil liberties, including freedom of speech and expression.
- The leaders opposed oppressive regulations like the Vernacular Press Act and fought for the principles of equality and justice within the colonial framework.
- Educational Expansion: Recognizing education as a catalyst for political and social awakening, the moderates pushed for widespread access to modern education.
- They believed that educational advancement would serve as a linchpin for future reforms and national development.
Methodology of the Moderates
The early nationalists in the Indian National Congress steadfastly adhered to constitutional methods of agitation and avoided any form of direct confrontation or violence. Their political activities were primarily in the form of petitions, meetings, and resolutions. This approach characterized the era of moderate nationalism, as they navigated within the bounds of law and order established by the colonial regime.
- Constitutional Agitation: The moderates employed methods within the legal and constitutional frameworks of the day. They engaged in public debates, sent representations and delegations, and used the press effectively to inform both the Indian populace and British public opinion.
- Public Petitions and Meetings: Through organized assemblies, petitions, and peaceful demonstrations, they presented their demands to the colonial authorities. Their approach was marked by politeness in language and a firm belief in the effectiveness of civilized discourse.
- Raising Awareness Through Petitions: They submitted numerous petitions and memoranda to the British Parliament and the Government of India, enumerating the administrative and other woes of the country.
- Though these petitions were largely ignored, they succeeded in raising political consciousness among Indians.
- Mobilizing Public Opinion: They held meetings and discussions where resolutions were passed on various issues.
- The aim was to educate the masses and form public opinion in India and England against the colonial government’s unjust policies.
- Raising Awareness Through Petitions: They submitted numerous petitions and memoranda to the British Parliament and the Government of India, enumerating the administrative and other woes of the country.
- Reasoned Argumentation and Publicity: The leaders harnessed the power of communication through newspapers, journals, and public speeches. This approach aimed to rally educated sections of society, influence public discourse, and articulate their demands based on rational arguments and factual data.
- Use of Press: Newspapers played a critical role in the freedom struggle during this phase. Leaders like Surendranath Banerjee(The Bengalee), Bal Gangadhar Tilak(Kesari, Mahratta), and Dadabhai Naoroji(Rast Goftar) were themselves journalists who used the platform effectively for political commentary, criticism of colonial policies, and spreading nationalistic ideas.
- Unification through National Platform: By establishing the Indian National Congress, the moderates succeeded in creating an all-India platform that transcended regional, cultural, and religious differences.
- This unity was instrumental in giving a collective voice to India’s diverse communities and interests.
- Legislative Work: Post the Indian Councils Act of 1892, the nationalists used the legislative councils as a platform to voice their criticisms of governmental policies. Though they had limited power, leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Dadabhai Naoroji utilized the platform effectively to question the government.
Transition to Assertive Nationalism
- Changing Approach: The failure to bring significant change or attain any substantial concessions from the British led to the transformation of the nationalist movement.
- The younger generation, influenced by the assertive approach of leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, began to adopt more radical means of agitation.
- Split in the INC: The Surat Split in 1907 was a culmination of the growing dissent within the INC, leading to the rise of extremists or assertive nationalists who differed from the early nationalists’ ideology and methods.
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Conclusion
The Era of Moderates laid the groundwork for India’s nationalist movement by advocating gradual reforms and constitutional methods to achieve self-governance. Though their approach of reliance on British justice and incremental change did not yield immediate results, their efforts in administrative, economic, and educational reforms significantly influenced India’s political landscape. This phase set the stage for the transition to more assertive nationalism, culminating in the rise of a more radical approach to the independence struggle.
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