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INDIAN POLITY

336

Empowering Women in Judiciary in India: Challenges and Pathways to Inclusion
The Role and Challenges of Pressure Groups – (Part 02)
Understanding Pressure Groups: Influencers in Policy and Politics in India – (Part 01)
91st Amendment Act (2003) and Anti-Defection Law
Anti-Defection Law in India: Analyzing the 52nd Amendment and Impact on Political Stability
Election Freebies in India: Impact, Fiscal Concerns and Responsible Governance
Criminalisation in Indian Politics: Challenges, Causes and Solutions for a Stronger Democracy
Electoral Bonds in India: Transparency, Anonymity and Legal Challenges in Political Funding
State Funding of Elections in India: Objectives, Benefits and Challenges
Democratic Evolution: Major Electoral Reforms in India Since 1996 – (Part 02)
Electoral Reforms in India: Key Changes Shaping Democracy – (Part 01)
Delimitation in India: Ensuring Fair Representation through Electoral Boundaries
Representation of the People Acts, 1950 & 1951: Foundation of India’s Electoral Process
Simultaneous Elections in India: Understanding the One Nation, One Election Proposal
Electoral Process in India: Structure, Legal Framework and Voting Procedures
Comprehensive Guide to Elections in India: Process, Provisions and Types
Evolution of Indian Party System: Key Stages from Independence to Modern-Day Politics
Recognition of National and State Political Parties in India: Importance, Benefits and Criteria
Evolution of Party System in India: Regional Influence and Democratic Challenges (Part 2)
Understanding Party System in India: Structure, Challenges and Evolution – (Part 01)
Law Commission of India: Catalyst for Legal Evolution and Reform
Bar Council of India (BCI): Regulating Legal Standards and Professional Integrity in India
National Investigation Agency (NIA): Strengthening India’s Counter-Terrorism Efforts and National Security
Lokpal and Lokayuktas in India: Challenges, Impact and Future Directions
Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013: Strengthening Accountability and Combating Corruption in India
Challenges and Criticisms of the Enforcement Directorate: A Comprehensive Analysis
Understanding the Enforcement Directorate: Structure, Jurisdiction and Impact
Understanding the Role and Challenges of Central Vigilance Commission
The Legislative Role of Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) – (Part 02)
Central Vigilance Commission (CVC): Upholding Integrity and Combating Corruption in India- (Part 01)
CBI reforms: Balancing Federalism and Law Enforcement Autonomy
Challenges and Functions of Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in India
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI): Structure, Role and Challenges in Combating Corruption in India
State Information Commissions (SICs): Role, Challenges and the Path Forward in India’s Transparency Framework
Central Information Commission (CIC): Ensuring Transparency & Accountability under RTI Act
NCM: Challenges, Achievements, and Government Initiatives – (Part 02)
National Commission for Minorities (NCM): Roles, Responsibilities and Legal Framework in India – (Part 01)
Protecting Child Rights in India: NCPCR’s Initiatives, Challenges and State-Level Efforts – (Part 02)
National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR): Safeguarding Children’s Welfare in India – (Part 01)
NCW Challenges, Controversies and the Road Ahead for Gender Equality – (Part 02)
National Commission for Women (NCW): Advocating Women’s Rights and Legal Reforms in India- (Part 01)
State Human Rights Commissions in India: Structure, Functions and Role of Human Rights Courts
NHRC: Powers, Functions and Challenges – (Part 02)
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): Safeguarding Human Rights in India – (Part 01)
NITI Aayog vs. Planning Commission: A Comparative Analysis of India’s Development Strategies
The Achievements and Challenges of NITI Aayog in Transforming India
NITI Aayog Role in Empowering States and Redefining Federalism- (Part 02)
NITI Aayog: Transforming India’s Governance through Cooperative Federalism – (Part 01)
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC): Evolution, Challenges and Future Path
Official Language Policy and Linguistic Diversity in India: Constitutional Provisions and Current Debates
The Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities: Protecting India’s Language Heritage
Career Progression in Civil Services: UPSC vs SPSC
State Public Service Commission (SPSC): Structure, Functions and Key Responsibilities
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC): Structure, Functions and Key Challenges
Civil Services in India: Key Functions, Categories and Recent Changes
The Election Commission of India: Structure, Functions and the Need for Reforms
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST): Functions, Structure, Challenges and Future Directions
National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC): Evolution, Functions, Challenges and Recommendations
Understanding Special Provisions for Marginalized Communities in the Indian Constitution
15th Finance Commission: Transforming Fiscal Federalism in India
Finance Commission of India: Structure, Roles and Impact on Fiscal Policy
Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council: Formation, Functions and Challenges in India’s Tax System
Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG): Powers, Duties and Constitutional Role
Understanding Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution: Autonomy and Tribal Governance in the Northeast
Understanding India’s Scheduled and Tribal Areas: Governance, Challenges and Provisions
Special Category Status in India: Criteria, Benefits and Challenges
Special Constitutional Provisions for Indian States: Understanding Articles 371 to 371-J- (Part 01)
Cooperative Societies and the Impact of the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act in India – (Part 02)
Co-Operative Societies and the 97th Constitutional Amendment Act – (Part 01)
Urban Local Governance in India: Structure, Committees and Financial Challenges- (Part 02)
Municipalities and Urban Local Governance: Evolution, Role and Impact of the 74th Amendment Act- (Part 01)
Panchayati Raj Institutions: Achievements, Challenges and Path Forward for Local Governance in India
Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996: Empowering Tribal Self-Governance in India
73rd Amendment Act of 1992: Constitutional Recognition and Empowerment of Panchayati Raj
Panchayati Raj in India: Key Committees and Their Impact on Decentralized Governance
Collegium System vs. National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC)
Enhancing Judicial Infrastructure in India: Challenges, Developments and the Path Ahead
Judicial Reforms in India: Transforming Accountability and Access to Justice- (Part 02)
Reforms in Judicial System in India: Addressing Challenges for Effective Justice – (Part 01)
The Evolution of Judiciary in India: A Historical Overview
Public Interest Litigation in India: Evolution, Significance and Challenges
Contempt of Court in India: Balancing Judicial Authority and Free Speech
Judicial Activism in India: Balancing Justice and Governance
Judicial Review in India: Scope, Importance, Landmark Cases and Limitations
Tribunalization of Justice in India: Challenges, Reforms and Future Prospects
Overview of Specialized Tribunals in India: Role, Structure and Functions
Administrative Tribunals in India: Efficiency, Structure and Ongoing Challenges- (Part 02)
Tribunals in India: Structure, Functions and Evolution- (Part 01)
Understanding the Jurisdiction and Powers of High Courts in India
Tenure, Removal and Independence of High Court Judges in India: Key Provisions and Safeguards- (Part 02)
High Courts in India: Structure, Constitutional Provisions and Judge Appointments – (Part 01)
Powers of the Supreme Court: Jurisdiction, Constitutional Doctrines and Advocates – (Part 02)
Jurisdiction and Powers of the Supreme Court – Part 01
Tenure and removal of Supreme Court judges in India- (Part 02)
Supreme Court of India: Structure, Appointment Process and Judicial Significance- (Part 01)
Privileges of State Legislature Members in India: Balancing Authority and Accountability
Comparing State Legislative Assembly, Council and Rajya Sabha: Powers, Roles and Reforms
Legislative Procedure in State Legislatures: From Bills to Financial Management
Sessions of the State Legislature: Summoning, Prorogation and Dissolution Explained
Presiding Officers of State Legislature: Roles and Responsibilities in Indian States
Structure of State Legislature in India: Unicameral and Bicameral Systems Explained
Indian Parliamentary Group (IPG): Strengthening Global Legislative Relations
Role of Parliamentary Forums in Enhancing Governance and Accountability
Challenges and Significance of Parliamentary Committees in Indian Democracy
Financial Committees in the Indian Parliament: Role, Functions and Challenges
Standing Committees in the Indian Parliament: Structure, Functions and Importance
Parliamentary Committees in India: Functions and Impacts on Legislation – (Part 02)
Understanding Parliamentary Committees: Structure and Functioning in India – (Part 01)
Women Reservation Act: The Impact of the 106th Amendment
Parliamentarians in India: A Socio-Economic Analysis of Representation and Gender Inequality
Parliamentary Sovereignty in India: Constitutional Limits and Judicial Oversight
Parliamentary Productivity in India: Challenges and Solutions
Understanding Parliamentary Privileges: Safeguarding Democracy and Legislative Authority
Position of Rajya Sabha vis-a-vis Lok Sabha: Understanding Their Roles in Indian Democracy
Role of Parliament in India: Functions, Challenges and the Path to Reform- (Part 02)
The Multifunctional Role of Parliament in India: Legislative and Executive Powers- (Part 01)
Understanding the Voting Process in India’s Parliamentary Budget- (Part 02)
Understanding India’s Parliamentary Budget Process: A Comprehensive Overview- (Part 01)
Consolidated Fund, Contingency Fund and Public Account of India: A Comprehensive Overview
Exploring Parliamentary Bills: Money Bills, Financial Bills and Constitution Amendments – (Part 02)
Types of Bills in Indian Parliament: Overview and Key Categories- (Part 01)
Joint Sitting of Indian Parliament: Resolving Legislative Deadlocks
Parliamentary Scrutiny in India: Motions, Resolutions and Accountability Mechanisms – (Part 02)
Understanding Parliamentary Procedures: Key Devices for Effective Governance in India – (Part 01)
Sessions and Parliamentary Business in India: Structure, Procedures and Governance
Leadership in Parliament of India: House Leaders, Opposition and Whips Explained
Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson of Rajya Sabha: Roles, Powers and Constitutional Provisions
The Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha: Election, Powers and Historical Evolution
Lok Sabha Speaker: Re-election, Removal and Comparative Insights with British Speaker- (Part 02)
The Speaker of Lok Sabha: Roles, Powers and Constitutional Provisions- (Part 01)
Concept of ‘Office of Profit’ in Indian Politics: Definitions, Significance and Recommendations
Membership in Parliament: Rules on Vacancies, Oaths and Compensation- (Part 02)
Membership of Parliament in India: Qualifications, Disqualifications and Defection Provisions – (Part 01)
The Dual Electoral System of India: Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Explained
The Structure and Composition of Parliament in India: Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha and the President
Advocate General of the State: Role, Responsibilities and Constitutional Provisions
The State Council of Ministers in India: Structure, Powers and Functions
The Role of Chief Minister in India’s Federal Structure: Powers, Functions and Reforms
Reforming the Office of Governor in India: Enhancing Accountability and Impartiality
Role and Powers of the Governor in India: Constitutional Duties and Discretionary Authority – (Part 02)
Powers and Functions of Governor in India: A Comprehensive Overview-( Part 01)
The Governor of India: Powers, Appointment and Constitutional Role in State Governance
The Role and Powers of the Attorney General of India: Constitutional Safeguard for Legal Integrity
Cabinet Committees and Groups of Ministers in India (GoMs): Streamlining Governance and Decision-Making
The Council of Ministers in India: Constitutional Role, Powers and Functions
Role of Prime Minister of India: Constitutional Powers and Key Contributions- (Part 02)
Prime Minister of India: Roles, Powers and Functions- (Part 01)
The Vice President of India: Role, Powers and Constitutional Framework
The President of India: Powers, Roles, Immunities and Challenges
Ordinance-Making and Pardoning Powers of the President of India: Constitutional Provisions and Limitations- (Part 02)
Powers and Functions of the President of India: A Comprehensive Overview – (Part 01)
Consumer Protection Act India: Safeguarding Rights of Indian Consumers
Methods of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in India: Permanent Lok Adalats, Family Courts and Gram Nyayalayas
Lok Adalats: A Key Mechanism for Alternative Dispute Resolution in India
National Legal Services Authority (NALSA): Ensuring Equal Access to Justice in India
Alternate Dispute Resolution (ADR) in India: Mechanisms, Benefits and Challenges
The Election of the President of India: Procedures, Provisions and Implications
President’s Rule and State Emergency in India: Article 356 Explained (Part 2)
President’s Rule in India (Article 356): Provisions, Implications and Judicial Scrutiny- (Part 01)
National Emergency and President’s Rule: Constitutional Provisions, Safeguards and Impact on Federalism
The Evolving Demand for Statehood in India: Challenges and Opportunities
Inter-State Border Disputes in India: Causes, Key Conflicts and Solutions
Asymmetric Federalism in India: Balancing Unity and Regional Autonomy
Committees and Commissions on Centre-State Relations in India: Key Recommendations and Impact on Indian Federalism
Inter-State Trade and Commerce in India: Constitutional Framework, Limitations and Challenges
Zonal Councils and North Eastern Council: Structures, Objectives and Regional Development Initiatives
Inter-State Council (Article 263): Composition, Functions and Role in Resolving Inter-State Disputes
Resolving Inter-State Water Disputes: Legislative and Institutional Reforms – (Part 02)
Inter-State Water Disputes in India: Constitutional Provisions, Key Cases and Solutions – (Part 01)
Financial Relations Between Centre and States in India: Key Provisions, Challenges and Reforms – (Part 02)
Centre-State Financial Relations in India: Constitutional Provisions, Tax Distribution, and Revenue Sharing- (Part 01)
Centre-State Administrative Relations in India: Constitutional Provisions and Federal Cooperation – (Part 02)
Administrative Relations in Indian Constitution: Distribution of Powers, Obligations, and Delegation – (Part 01)
Judicial Doctrines on Centre-State Relations in India: Pith and Substance, Colourable Legislation and Territorial Nexus
Legislative Relations in Indian Federalism: Exceptional Circumstances and Challenges-(Part 02)
Centre-State Legislative Relations in India: Structure, Provisions and Comparisons-(Part 01)
Evaluating Fundamental Duties in India: Criticisms, Comparisons and Recommendations- (Part 02)
Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution: History, Features and Significance- (Part 01)
Conflict Between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy: Key Judicial Cases and the Uniform Civil Code
Classification of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): Socialist, Gandhian and Liberal-Intellectual Principles
DPSP’s: Significance, Criticisms and Government Efforts- (Part 02)
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP): Overview, Features and Amendments- (Part 01)
Exceptions and Criticisms of Fundamental Rights in India: Understanding Articles 31A, 31B, and 31C
Special Provisions for Fundamental Rights: Detailed Analysis of Articles 33 to 35 of the Indian Constitution
Article 32: Safeguarding Fundamental Rights Through Writ Jurisdiction in India
Understanding Articles 27 & 28: Taxation, Education, and Religious Freedom in India – (Part 02)
Right Against Exploitation: Safeguards Under Articles 23 and 24 of the Indian Constitution
Article 22: Safeguards Against Arbitrary Arrest and Detention in India
Article 21: Right to Life and Personal Liberty in the Indian Constitution
Article 20 of the Indian Constitution: Legal Safeguards Against Unfair Conviction
Freedom of Speech and Expression under Article 19: Key Rights, Judicial Interpretations, and Restrictions – Part 01
Right to Equality: Understanding Articles 16, 17, and 18 of the Indian Constitution
Understanding Article 15 of the Indian Constitution: Prohibition of Discrimination and Affirmative Action
Understanding Article 14: Right to Equality in the Indian Constitution
Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution: Philosophical Foundations, Features and Legal Framework- Part 02
Fundamental Rights in India: Understanding the Basics and Their Constitutional Importance- Part 01
The Doctrine of Basic Structure: Safeguarding India’s Constitutional Foundation- Part 02
The Basic Structure Doctrine of the Indian Constitution: A Judicial Safeguard- Part 01
Evolution of Indian Constitution: Key Amendments and Their Impact
The Constitutional Amendments and Fundamental Rights Debate in India: Evolution and Key Judgments
Amendment Process of Indian Constitution: Flexibility, Methods and Criticisms- Part 02
Understanding the Amendments to Indian Constitution-Part 01
India’s Diaspora Engagement and Refugee Policy: Progress, Challenges and Future Directions
Dual Citizenship and Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI): Key Differences and Benefits
Understanding the Citizenship Act of 1955 and the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019
Understanding Citizenship in India: Rights, Provisions and Loss of Status
Challenges in the Governance of Union Territories in India: Issues and Future Directions (Part 02)
Union Territories of India: Establishment, Governance, and Evolving Structure (Part 01)
Reorganization of Indian States: Post-1956 Evolution of States and Union Territories
Evolution of Indian States and Union Territories: Integration and Reorganization (Part 1)
Union and Its Territories: Framework, Articles and Key Constitutional Provisions
Rights and Liabilities of the Government under the Indian Constitution
Presidential System vs. Parliamentary System: A Comparative Analysis for India
Parliamentary System in India: Features, Merits and Comparison with the British Model
Federal and Unitary Features of the Indian Constitution (Explained with Examples)
System of Government in India: Federal, Unitary and Quasi-Federal Aspects
The Role and Significance of the Preamble in the Indian Constitution: Interpretation, Amendability and Limitations
Understanding the Preamble of the Indian Constitution: Its Components and Significance
Salient Features of the Constitution of India: An In-Depth Overview
Sources, Criticisms and Language of Indian Constitution: A Comprehensive Analysis
The Role and Workings of Constituent Assembly in Shaping India’s Constitution
Formation of Constituent Assembly: India’s Path to Independence and Constitution-Making
Understanding Constitutions: Rule of Law, Constitutionalism and Types of Constitutions
The Indian Independence Act of 1947: The End of British Rule and the Birth of Two Nations
Key Reforms in British India: Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892, and 1909
Evolution of British Governance: A Study of the Charter Acts (1793-1853)
Early British Legislative Reforms: Regulating Act, Pitt’s India Act
PMO & Cabinet Secretariat: Function & Role in Indian Governance
Indian Fundamental Duties: Role, Evolution & Constitutional Significance
Uniform Civil Code in India: Legal Processes, Challenges, and Controversies
Directive Principles of State Policy in India: Governance, Challenges, and Impact
Constitutional Balance between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles in India
Government of India Acts: Evolution, Autonomy & Road to Independence (1919-1947)
Country’s Demographic Profile: Census of India, NPR, NRC
Indian Citizenship Act: Evolution, Amendments & Special Provisions in India
Post Independence Movements In India: Smaller State Demands and Challenges
Collective and Individual Ministerial Responsibility in India’s Parliamentary System
THE INDIAN DIASPORA: Global Contributions, Challenges, & Government Initiatives
India’s Constitutional Amendments: Flexibility & Rigidity for a Dynamic Democracy
Indian Parliamentary Forums: Initiatives and their Impact since 2005
Union Council of Ministers: Constitutional Evolution & Governance Framework
Indian Citizenship: Rights, Duties & Constitutional Framework
Reorganization of States: Evolution, Unity & Diversity and Challenges
State Reorganization Act of 1956 – Evolution, Linguistic & Cultural Transformations, Progress, Unity
Union and its Territory: Framework, Constitutional Provisions, and Dynamics of State Alterations in India
Basic Structure Doctrine: Evolution, Significance & Criticisms
Preamble of Indian Constitution: Guiding Principles, Evolution, Controversies & Modern Relevance
India’s Constitutional Preamble: Fundamental Principles, Significance, and Evolution
Schedules of Indian Constitution: 12 Schedules, Governance & Democracy
Constitution & Constitutionalism: Foundations, Challenges, and Democratic Safeguards
Evolution of Colonial Governance: Regulating Act 1773 to Charter Act 1793
Features of Indian Constitution: Democracy, Rights & Diversity
Constitutionalism in India: Definition, History, Evolution & Contemporary Triumphs
Constituent Assembly of India: Democracy, Overcoming Critiques & Building a Lasting Legacy
Constitution of India: Sovereignty, Republicanism & Shaping Democracy
EVOLUTION OF LEGISLATIVE COUNCILS: CHARTER ACT, MORLEY MINTO REFORMS, GOI ACT
Evolution of Charter Acts in India: History, Governance & British Rule (1813-1853)
Company Rule in India (1773-1858): Historical Overview & Impact on British India
Charter Act 1793: Trade Expansion, Governance Shifts, Historical Transformations in British India
Amending Act of 1786: Objective, Governance & Feature
Amending Act of 1781: Reforms, Impact on Judiciary & Governance Transformation
Indian Polity and Governance Notes for UPSC Preparation 2025-26
PART-I (CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK)
Indian Constitution: Evolution, Features and Making of a Democratic Framework
Preamble of the Indian Constitution: Principles, History and Significance
BASIC STRUCTURE OF CONSTITUTION
Union and Territory: A Detailed UPSC Study on Articles 1-4 of the Indian Constitution
CITIZENSHIP
Fundamental Rights (Article 12-35) and Their Evolution in India
Directive Principles of State Policy: Significance, Classification and Impact on Social Welfare Laws
Fundamental Duties in India: Article 51A, Historical Evolution & Distinctions from Fundamental Rights
Constitutional Amendment Process in India: Types, Significance & Implications
PART -II (SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT)
Parliamentary System: Features, Merits and Distinctions from the British Model
Federalism – Definition, Feature – Indian Polity Notes for Competitive Exams
Centre State Relations in India: Legislative, Administrative & Financial Dynamics
Inter-State Relations: Laws and Cooperation in India
EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
PART – III (CENTRAL GOVERNMENT)
President of India: Constitutional Roles, Electoral Processes and Executive Authority
Vice President of India: Powers, Elections and Constitutional Significance
Prime Minister of India: Constitutional Aspects, Role and Historical Perspectives
Component of Indian Governance: Prime Minister’s Office, Cabinet Secretariat & Central Secretariat
UNION COUNCIL OF MINISTERS
Cabinet Committees: Role in Governance, Evolution, Functions, & Recent Reconstitution (2019)
Indian Parliament: Structure, Functions and Significance
PART -IV (STATE GOVERNMENT)
Governors in India’s State Governments: Roles, Powers, and Functions
Chief Minister: Roles, Responsibilities & Political Relationships in Indian States
State Council of Ministers in India: Constitutional Framework, Appointment Process and Responsibilities
State Legislature in India: Structure, Functions, and Legislative Process
A Comprehensive Guide to Article 371-371J: Special Provisions for States in Indian Polity
Part – V (JUDICIARY)
Supreme Court
High Courts in India
Subordinate Courts in India
Gram Nyayalayas & Family Courts in India
Tribunals in India
National Green Tribunal (NGT), Evolution, Formation, and Objectives
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
NALSA
PART-VI (LOCAL GOVERNMENT)
Panchayati Raj in India: Definition, Feature, Challenges and Empowering Local Governance
Municipalities in Indian Polity: Evolution, Types and Governance Challenges
PART-VII (UTs AND SPECIAL AREAS)
Union Territories
PESA Act of 1996 (Extension Act)
PART-VIII (CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES)
Election Commission of India: Composition, Functions and Electoral Reforms
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
State Public Service Commission (SPSC): Structure, Functions, and Role in Indian Polity
Joint Public Service Commission (JPSC)
Finance Commission
National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC)
National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST)
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)
Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)
Attorney General for India
Advocate General
Co-operative Societies in India
Official Language in India
PART-IX (NON-CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES)
NITI Aayog
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) in India: Composition, Power & Functions & Challenges
State Human Rights Commissions
Central Information Commission (CIC) & Right to Information Act (RTI) in India: Composition, Functions, and Key Provisions
State Information Commissions
Central Vigilance Commission (CVC): Pillar of Anti-Corruption in Indian Governance
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI): Challenges, Functions and Reforms in Indian Policing
Lokpal and Lokayuktas in India: Structure, Functions and Challenges
LOKAYUKTAS
PART-X (MISCELLANEOUS)
Anti-Defection Law in India: Evolution, Challenges and Electoral Impact
Pressure Groups: Dynamics, Impact and Challenges for Governance
LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA

GOVERNANCE

20

Regulating Act 1773, Background, Provisions, Drawbacks
GOVERNANCE
Governance in India: Dimensions, Challenges & Strategies for UPSC Preparation
Citizen Charters: Evolution, Challenges and Recommendations
RTI Act 2005: Transparency and Accountability, Ombudsman & Lokayuktas in India
Sevottam Model: Governance Excellence through Service, Accountability, and Citizen Empowerment
Social Audit: Principles, Significance and Challenges in Public Governance
E-Governance in India: Innovations, Challenges, and Impact
Role of Civil Services in Sustaining Democratic Values
Indian Bureaucracy and Democracy: Challenges and Evolution in India
Reforms in Need: Strengthening Ethics, Civil Servant Integrity, and Fair Elections by Election Commission
Development Processes: Feature, Pattern & Growth
Civil Societies: Role in Inclusive Governance, Nation Building & Development
NGOs in India: Roles, Challenges and Suggestions for Effective Governance
Self Help Groups (SHGs): Empowering India, Fostering Financial Inclusion & Sustainable Development
Foreign Aid: Method, Rule, and Impact on India’s Development Dynamics
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Implementation, Impact and Recent Developments
Pressure Groups in Indian Politics: Dynamics, Challenges and Impact
Formal Groups and Organizations: Characteristics, Structures & Social Dynamics
Statutory, Regulatory And Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies For Governance

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

61

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
India-Australia Relations: Strategic Partnership And Bilateral Dynamics
India Canada Relations: Ties, Bilateral Engagements & Challenges
India-France: Strengthening Bilateral Ties through Strategic Partnership
India Germany: Bilateral Relations, Strategic Partnership, and Future Collaborations
India-Italy Relations: Strengthening Ties Across Trade, Culture, and Security
India-Israel Relations: Complexities, Challenges, and Collaborations in Diplomacy
India Japan Relation: Bilateral Ties, Economic Cooperation, and Strategic Alliances
India-Russia Relations: Strengthening Ties in Politics, Trade, Defence, and Beyond
India-UK Relations: Navigating Bilateral Ties and Brexit Challenges
India-US Relations: Bilateral Ties, Trade, Defense, and Future Prospects
REGIONAL AND GLOBAL GROUP
APEC – Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation, Global Coverage, Economic Trade & Member Nation
ASEAN: Evolution, Objectives, India’s Engagement, & Regional Challenges
BRICS: Global Dynamics, Economic Cooperation, & Institutional Reforms
BIMSTEC- Objectives, Member Nations, and Strategic Initiatives Explored
G7 Countries: Origin, Objective, Members & other Facts
G20: International Forum, Objectives, Structure, & Role in Global Affairs
G4 Countries: Key issues, UNSC reform, concerns, Coffee Club dynamics
Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA): Objectives, Structure & Regional Dynamics
South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Origins, Achievements, And SAFTA
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Objectives, Challenges & India’s Strategic Engagement
Non Alignment Movement (NAM): Principles, Evolution, and Global Relevance
Arctic Council: Conservation, Sustainable Development in the Polar Region
Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): Goals, Structure, and India’s Role
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) – Full Form, Feature & Classifications
United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCCC): Evolution, Full Form & Initiative
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD): Objectives, Targets
New Development Bank (NDB): Growth, Cooperation, & Sustainable Development Among BRICS Nations
African Development Bank(AfDB): Socio-Economic Growth, & Regional Integration in Africa
Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC): Safeguarding Muslim Interests
South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme (SACEP): Objectives, Governance
INDIA-BRAZIL-SOUTH AFRICA (IBSA): Fostering Global Cooperation Among Democracies
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Formation, Structure, and Regional Dynamics
European Union (EU): Member State, Uniting Nations for Peace, Prosperity & Partnership
Commonwealth of Nations: Shared Values, Meetings, and Global Initiatives
International Organizations
United Nations: Member State, Mission, Organs and Specialized Agencies
UNSC Reform: India’s Demand, Geopolitical Realities, and Challenges Ahead
International Monetary Fund (IMF): Origin, Functions, Quotas, SDRs, India’s Role
Bretton Woods Conference: Goal, Achievement, Shaping Global Finance, IMF, World Bank
World Trade Organisation (WTO): Member State, Achievement, Challenges, Dispute Settlement, & Future Directions
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Background, Objectives, Member States
Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Objectives, Oil Pricing Policies & Global Impact
International Court of Justice (ICJ): Establishment, Role & Functions, and Significance
International Criminal Court (ICC): Structure, Jurisdiction, and Global Implications for Justice
International Criminal Police Organisation (INTERPOL): Definition, Jurisdiction, Global Police Cooperation and Crime Control
Financial Action Task Force (FATF): Objectives, Combating Money Laundering & Black Money, and Terrorism Financing
IUCN: Safeguarding Biodiversity – Mission, Threatened Species, and Conservation Initiatives
International Labour Organisation (ILO): Treaty, Decades of Commitment, Achievements, and Initiatives
World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)
International Solar Alliance (ISA)
World Bank
AGREEMENTS
Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA)
Wassenaar Arrangement
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)
Hague Code of Conduct (HCoC)
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

INDIAN ECONOMY

18

India’s Banking Sector and Monetary Policy
INDIAN ECONOMY NOTES
Indian Economy: Evolution, Colonial Era to Present Day & Future Prospects
Basics of Money: Exploring the Fundamentals of Indian Economy
Banks in India: Types, Functions & Characteristics
Financial Market: Types, Functions, Role & Economic Impact
Indian Insurance Sector: Evolution, Growth, Rules & Penetration in India
Financial Inclusion: Definition, Significance, and Social Impact
BUDGET AND TAXATION
Balance of Payment: Formula, Types, Key Features & Global Economics
Exchange Rate Systems: Global Currency, Inflation Rate & Method of Calculation
World Bank: Global Cooperation & International Organizations
Agriculture in India: Definition, Farming System & Green Revolution
Manufacturing and Industries
Economic Planning in India: Evolution, Challenges, and Transformative Initiatives
Economic Indicators: Definition, Methodology, and Key Insights into GDP (Gross Domestic Product), Unemployment, & Inflation
INFRASTRUCTURE
Inclusive Growth: Definition, Strategies, Policy & Challenges

Agriculture

1

Agriculture

Science & Technology

8

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology: Types, Applications and other facts
Defence Technology: India’s Strategic Initiatives, Missile System, & Modernization Efforts
Biomolecules- Carbohydrates, Proteins, Vitamins and Fats
DISEASES: Communicable & Non-Communicable Health Threats, Tuberculosis to COVID-19
Information Technology: Digital Landscape, 5G to Cybersecurity, IoT to Quantum Computing
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: Definition, Applications, Implications
SPACE & SPACE TECHNOLOGY: History, Evolution & Significance

Enivornment & Ecology

34

Energy Flow In Ecosystem: Trophic Levels And Mode Of Nutrition
Carbon Cycle: Exploration of Processes, Forms, and Environmental Impacts
Biogeochemical Cycles: Types, Functions, And Significance
Importance Of Forest: Guardians Of Biodiversity And Life’s Essentials
Temperate Forests: Types, Ecological Significance, Cultural Value
Tropical Rainforest: Nature’s Green Treasure & Economic Significance
Coniferous Forests: Characteristics, Types, Economic Significance
Grassland Ecosystems: Biodiversity, Conservation, And Economic Significance
The Desert Ecosystem: Types, Adaptation, Biodiversity & Resilience
Forest Ecosystem: Biodiversity, Types, & Crucial Roles in Environmental Balance
Tundra Ecosystem: Extreme Conditions, Adaptations, Characteristics, Types
Terrestrial Ecosystem: Types, Tundra, Forest, Grassland & Desert Ecosystems
Ecosystem: Components, Functions, Biotic Interactions, Biogeochemical Cycles
Ecosystem: Components, Functions, Energy Flow & Cycle
Human Environment Interaction: Components, Types, and Human Impact on Earth
Ecosystem Dynamics: Characteristic, Types Of Food Webs & Species Interactions
Energy Flow in Ecosystem: Food Chain, Hierarchy, Significance & Characteristics
Ecological Pyramids: Trophic Levels, Types & Energy Dynamics in Ecosystems
Environment: Component, Human-Environment Relationship & Sustainable Development
ENVIRONMENT
ECOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM AND FUNCTIONS OF ECOSYSTEM
Terrestrial Ecosystems: Types, Environmental Factors & Ecological Significance
Aquatic Ecosystems: Classification, Issues, Conservation & Corals
BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity Conservation in India: Protected Areas, Biosphere Reserve, National Park
Pollution: Types and Impact on Health, E-Waste and Bioremediation
Environmental Laws in India: Definition, Legal Frameworks & Protection to Biodiversity
Environmental Organizations In India: Biodiversity, Conservation, Welfare
Wildlife Conservation in India: Initiatives, Achievements & Future
Conservation Measures: Modes, Protected Areas, Action Plans, and Initiatives
Environmental Conventions and Protocols: Features, Importance, and Implementation
Climate Change & Mitigation Strategies: Global Warming, Greenhouse Gases
Climate Change Organizations: Exploring Global Initiatives for Environmental Sustainability
Climate Change In India: Actions, Policies, and Initiatives

INTERNAL SECURITY

17

INTERNAL SECURITY
Internal Security Of India: Challenges, Solutions & Hybrid Warfare
Communal Violence: Causes, Legal Provisions, and Preventive Measures
Terrorism And Extremism: Types, Spread. Steps Taken
Organised Crime And Terrorism: Aspects, Fctors, Challenges
The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) 1958: Origin, Current Status
Left Wing Extremism or Naxalism: Origin, Background, Major Issues
Extremism And Development: Linkages, Causes, Solutions, and Countermeasures
Militancy In Jammu And Kashmir: Background, Human Right Issue, AFSPA
North-East Insurgency: Historical Roots, Challenges, and Peace Initiatives
Cyber Security: Cyber Terrorism, Threats, & Safeguarding Critical Information Infrastructure
Social Media: Impact On Society, National Security, and Democracy
Money Laundering: Impact on Economy, Global Strategies, and Preventive Measures
Security Challenges and Border Management In India: Initiative, Challenge & Way Forward
Security Forces & Agencies: Type, Mandate, Roles, Contributions, and Challenges
Police Reforms In India
Black Money: Dimensions, Socio-Economic Impact & Remedies to Curb

Disaster Management

7

DISASTERS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT
Hazards and Disasters: Catastrophes & Impacts for Effective Governance
Classification and Types of Disasters and Natural Hazards
Disaster Management in India
Role of Technology in Disaster Management: NDMS, Early Warning Systems, Satellites
National Policy On Disaster Management 2009: Approach, Objectives, and Issues
Disaster Risk Index and Reduction: Sendai Framework, SDGs & Strategies

Ancient Indian History

13

THE PALLAVAS ( 275CE-897CE ): HISTORY, ART, CULTURE, CONFLICTS, AND DECLINE
16 Mahajanapadas: Rulers, Achievements, and Timelines
Forests in India: Biodiversity, Types, and Conservation
ANCIENT HISTORY
UPSC Notes for Ancient History of India | UPSC Exams
Indus Valley Civilization: Important Dates, Sites & Decline of IVC
Vedic Period: History Notes for UPSC & Govt. Exams
Sangam Age – Political History of South India | UPSC Ancient History Notes
MAURYAN EMPIRE (322-185 BCE): Reign, Ruler & Historical Significance
Jainism and Buddhism: Difference and Similarities| UPSC Notes
Post Mauryan Period (200 BC – 300 AD) – Clashes, Cultures, and Kingdoms in Ancient India
Gupta Empire – Facts about Gupta Period & Gupta Dynasty | UPSC Notes
Harshavardhana: Empire of Harsha, History, Reign | UPSC Notes

Medieval Indian History

9

MEDIEVAL HISTORY
EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA (c.600-1200 CE) [HISTORY NOTES FOR UPSC & OTHER GOVT. EXAMS]
THE DELHI SULTANATE (1206-1526 AD) – MEDIEVAL INDIA HISTORY NOTES
REGIONAL KINGDOMS OF MEDIEVAL INDIA: AHOMS, MEWAR, KASHMIR, DYNASTIES
VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE: RISE, RULE, AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE (1336-1646 AD)
BAHMANI KINGDOM (C.1347- 1525 CE): RISE, CONFLICT, AND POLITICAL HISTORY
BHAKTI MOVEMENT: IMPORTANCE, NAYANARS, ALVARS & FEATURE
MUGHAL PERIOD (1526-40 and 1555-1857)
MARATHA EMPIRE [1674-1818]: MARATHA-MUGHAL CONFLICTS

Modern Indian History

184

Charter Act of 1793
Mahadev Govind Ranade: Architect of Change in Colonial India
Portuguese Governors in India: Shaping Empires and Enduring Legacy of Colonial Rule
Administration Before 1857: Impact of British Administration
Indian National Army: Bose Vision, Role, and Impact in the Freedom Struggle
Sikh & Hindu Revival Movements: Akali Movement, Arya Samaj
India’s Press Evolution Post First World War: Shaping Nationalism
The Second World War: Press Evolution & Independence Struggle in India
Rise of Hyderabad Kingdom: History, Nizam Rule & Integration with India
Causes Of British Success In India
Evolution of Press in India: Different Publications, Journals & Leaders
British Rule in India: Press Laws & Resistance
Freedom of the Press Pioneers
Dutch East India Company: Spice Trade & Rivalries
Danes in India: Colonial Legacy. Cultural Exchange & Missionary Endeavors
India’s Vernacular Press Act: Impact, Opposition, and Repeal
Colonial India’s Committees On Press: Control & Influence
Evolution of Press in India Post-Independence Journey
Salt Satyagraha Movement: Dandi March, Civil Disobedience & Struggle for Freedom
First Round Table Conference 1930: Indian Reforms, British-India Talks & Quest for Self-Rule
Gandhi Irwin Pact: Date, Key Accord, Significance & Struggle for Independence
Karachi Session 1931: Feature, Resolutions, and Impact on India’s Freedom Movement
Second Round Table Conference: Feature, Participants, Outcomes, and Significance
Civil Disobedience Movement: Outcome, Repression & Gandhi’s Leadership towards Independence
Third Round Table Conference: Outcome, Challenges & Communal Award Impact
Communal Award 1932: Controversy, Division, & Impact on Indian Politics
Poona Pact 1932: Unity, Representation, & Sociopolitical Dynamics in India
Government of India Act 1935: Constitutional Evolution, Federalism, and the Path to Dominion Status
World War II’s Impact on Indian Nationalism: Struggles, Splits, and Independence
Resignation of Congress Ministries 1939: Reason, India’s Stand & World War II
Poona Resolution 1941: Conditional Support to Britain for Indian Independence during World War II
The August Offer 1940: Features, Reactions, & Impact on India’s Independence Struggle
Individual Satyagraha: Members, Goals, Challenges, and Impact on Independence
The Two Nation Theory: Roots, Events, and Impact on India’s Partition
Indian National Army: Freedom Struggle, INA Rebellion, and the Pivotal Role in India’s Fight for Independence
Demand for Pakistan: Lahore Resolution, & Two-Nation Theory
Cripps Mission 1942: Feature, Proposals, Setbacks, and Impact on India’s Political Trajectory
Quit India Movement 1942: Mass Participation, Gandhi’s Leadership & Call for Do or Die
Parallel Governments & Quit India Movement: Struggle, Empowerment, & Success
INA Trials: Defense Committee, Legal Battle, and Heroes’ Release
Direct Action Day: Jinnah’s Resolution, Communal Mobilization, & India’s Partition Path
Socio-Religious Movements: 19th Century, Colonial Impact, Social Awakening, and Transformation
Muslim Reform Movements: Organisation, Leaders, and Societal Impact in 19th Century India
Mercantilism in British India (1757-1813): Economic Exploitation, Resource Control & Drain of Wealth
First World War: Aftermath, India’s Struggles & Awakening
Indian National Congress History
Indian Councils Act 1861
English Rule in India
Satyagraha: Evolution, Struggle, and Influence of Gandhi
Government of India Act 1919
British Economic Policy in India
British Policy in India
The Revolutionary Phase
Revolutionary Activities In Punjab and Madras
Revolutionary Activities In Maharashtra’s Freedom Struggle
Anglo French War in India
Wavell Plan
Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
Cabinet Mission 1946
The Desai-Liaqat Pact for Peace
Rajagopalachari Formula
Revolutionary Activities In Bengal’s Struggle
Mountbatten Plan
Indian Independence Act 1947
First Anglo Maratha War (1775-1782)
Hindu Reform Movements
Sikh Reform Movement
Parsi Reform Movement Modernizing Zoroastrianism, Empowering Women, and Advancing Education
Parsi Reform Movement
Socio-Religious Reform Movement
Bengal’s Dual System
Charter Act
Early Judicial System in India
British Police System in India
British Indian Army
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Swami Vivekananda: Spiritual Pioneer & Global Visionary, Legacy and Continuing Impact
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Pioneer of Education, Language, and Social Reform in 19th-Century India
Keshab Chandra Sen: Brahmo Samaj, Visionary Reformer, and Advocate for Women’s Rights
Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa: Inspiring Unity, Spiritual Wisdom, and Transformative Love
Annie Besant: Biography, Spiritual Leader, Leader of Theosophical Society
Syed Ahmad Khan: Educationist, Reformer, Aligarh Movement, and Social Change
Baba Dayal Das’ Sikh: Nirankari Movement, Sikh Reforms & Legacy
Sarojini Naidu: Nightingale of India, Pioneer of Women’s Empowerment
Pandita Ramabai: Women’s Rights & Education, Social Reform, and Philanthropy
Jyotiba Phule (Jyotiba Phule: Championing Equality and Social Justice)
Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar: Contribution, Advocate for Equality, and Architect of India’s Inclusive Constitution
Robert Clive: Political, Economic Reform, and Architect of British Dominance in Colonial India
Warren Hastings: First Governor General, and Pioneer of British India & Architect of Change
Lord Cornwallis (1786–1793)
Sir John Shore: Architect of Stability in British India (1793-1798)
Lord Wellesley: Expansion, Wars, and Subsidiary Alliances & Financial Challenges
Ryotwari System: Impact on Farmers and Revenue
Mahalwari System: Land Revenue Impact on Peasants
Permanent Settlement System: Impact on Indian Agriculture, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Abolition
Governor General of Bengal’s Colonial Leaders: Evolution of Governance (1773-1833)
Drain of Wealth: Exploitation of India’s Economy, British Policies, and Impact on Prosperity
Moderate Phase (1885-1905): Reforming India, Colonial Challenges & Achievements
India’s Extremist Phase (1905-1920): Rise, Tactics, and Limitations
Surya Sen: Chittagong Raid, Struggle & Indian Republican Army
Indian Independence Committee: Anti-British Mission, Objectives, Challenges, and Conclusion
Moderates and Extremists: Difference, Objectives, Methods & Impact on India’s Freedom Struggle
Partition Of Bengal Divide: Impact on Nationalism & Independence Movement
Muslim League: Founder, Leadership, and Evolution in India’s Political Landscape
Revolutionary Movement: Origin, Impact, Evolution & Roots of Militant Nationalism
Surat Split: Causes, Consequences, & Its Lasting Impact on the Indian Independence Movement
Morley Minto Reforms: Features, Communal Divide & Political Challenges in 1909 India
Revolutionary Activities Abroad
Ghadar Party: Revolution, Struggles & Legacy in India’s Fight for Independence
Komagata Maru Incident (1914)
Lucknow Session- The Lucknow Pact (December 1916), Its Significance And Impacts
Home Rule Movement: List of Freedom Fighter, Objectives & Impact (1915-1916)
August Declaration 1917: Self-Government, Outcomes & Critiques by Indian Nationalists
Champaran Satyagraha: Gandhi’s Pivotal Role in Farmer Justice and Freedom Movement
Ahmedabad Mill Strike 1918: Gandhi’s First Hunger Strike & Economic Justice
Kheda Satyagraha: Gandhi’s Rural Uprising Against Unjust Taxes and Oppression
Rowlatt Acts of 1919: Gandhi’s Satyagraha & Birth of India’s Anti-Colonial Uprising
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919: Date, Causes, and Historical Impact
Khilafat Committee 1921: Resolution, Demands, Gandhi’s Support, and Government Repression
Non Cooperation Movement 1920: Timeline, Phases, and Withdrawal
Muddiman Committee: Report Feature, Proposed Changes 1919 Act
Simon Commission 1927: Reforms, Political Reactions, & Road to the Government of India Act 1935
Bardoli Satyagraha: Patel’s Tax Protest for Peasant Rights
Nehru Report 1928: Constitutional Reform, Unity, and Sectarian Challenges in India
Jinnah’s 14 Points: Muslim Demands for Fair Representation
Lahore Session 1929: Purna Swaraj Declaration & Independence Struggle
Allahabad Address and the Two-Nation Theory
Charter Act of 1813 – Impact on Indian Education
Orientalist Anglicist Controversy in India
Wood’s Despatch 1854: Transformed Indian Education
Hunter Commission (1882-83): Objective, Recommendations, and Significance
Reforming Education: Impact of Indian Universities Act 1904
Government Resolution on Education Policy 1913
Saddler University Commission (1917-19): Objectives, Recommendations, And Its Impact
Dyarchy in British India: Impact of the Government of India Act 1919 on Education
Hartog Committee Report(1929): Objectives, Findings, And Recommendations
Wardha Scheme: Focus on Basic Education & Transforming Education for Independence
Transforming Indian Education: Sergeant Plan Of Education Vision & Challenges
The Kothari Education Commission (1964-66): Shaping India’s Education Future
Development Of Vernacular Education’s Evolution in Colonial India
Evolution of Technical Education in India: British Legacy and Beyond
Evaluation Of British Policy On Education
Regulating Act 1773, Background, Provisions, Drawbacks
Pitt’s India Act 1784: British Control, Challenges, and Governance Shift
Religious Policies of the Portuguese in India: Forced Conversions, Expansion & Cultural Impact
Charter Act 1813: Ending Monopoly, Promoting Progress in Colonial India
Charter Act 1833: Transformation of British Rule in India
Revolutionizing British Rule: Charter Act 1853 Reforms
Transforming India: Government of India Act 1858 & British Rule Shift
Indian Councils Act 1892 – Modern History Notes for UPSC
Indian Independence Act of 1947: Formation, Challenges, and Consequences
First Governor of Bengal (1754–1767): Robert Clive, British Rule & Dual System
Governor Generals Of India (1832-1858): The Evolution of Indian Leadership
Governor Generals & Viceroys of India: Name List, Evolution & Power (1600-1947)
Indian National Movement (1857–1947): Phases, History, Struggle, Notes PDF
History of the French in India: Colonial Past, Rivalries & Cultural Legacy
Alfonso de Albuquerque: Architect of Portuguese Power & Foundations in Colonial India
Development Of Indian Press During British Rule – UPSC Notes
First European In India – Portuguese, 450 Years of Exploration, Influence & Legacy
Advent of Europeans in India: Trade, Colonization, and Societal Shifts
Aurangzeb’s Legacy: The Decline and Aftermath of the Mughal Empire
Portuguese in India: Rise, Failures, and European Competition
List of Mughal Emperor: Order, Ruler, Reign & British Arrival
Later Mughals & Decline of Mughals Empire: Rise of Regional Powers
Social Reformers of India: Champions of Change During 19th Century
Ramakrishna Mission: Swami Vivekananda’s Spiritual Legacy & Humanitarian Vision
Anglo Mysore Wars: Resilience and Conflict
Brahmo Samaj: Leaders & Influential Movements in the 19th-20th Centuries
Young Bengal Movement: Progressive Renaissance, Ideas & Reform
Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Indian Renaissance, Life & Contributions in Modern reforms
Social And Religious Reforms Movements: Deoband, Barelvi, & Faraizi Movement
Mahadev Govind Ranade: Architect of Change in Colonial India
Annie Besant: Advocate of Indian Home Rule League and Social Reforms
Social Reform Movements: Challenges and Transformative Impact on Nation-Building
Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836-1886): Facts for UPSC
Status of Women in India: Transformative Reforms, Legal Measures & Societal Empowerment
SNDP Movement: Helping Ezhava Community Progress
Swami Vivekananda: Biography, Life History, Teachings & Facts
Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati: Ideology and Contributions
Changing Movements: Arya Samaj & Dev Samaj’s Role in Modern India
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Contribution in Education, Social Reform, and Linguistics
Keshub Chandra Sen: Life, Ideology and Contributions
Vokkaligara Sangha: Equality, Empowerment & Social Transformation in Karnataka
Socio Religious Reform Movement in India: Ahmadiyya and Wahabi/Walliullah Impact

POST INDEPENDENCE HISTORY OF INDIA

8

POST INDEPENDENCE HISTORY OF INDIA
Independent India
Indian Democracy: From Emergence of Electoral Politics to Democratic Institutions
India’s Foreign Policy
Economic Development
India After Independence
Regionalism in India
Popular Movements in India

Indian Society

11

INDIAN SOCIETY
Salient Features Of Indian Society: Unity In Diversity, Tribes, Family
Globalisation: Impact on Indian Society, Benefits, and Challenges
Social Empowerment: Strategies for Tribes, Women, Scheduled Castes, Minorities
Poverty and Development Issues
Urbanization
Population: India’s Demographic Landscape, Distribution, and Growth Trends
Women: Navigating the Landscape of Gender Empowerment in India, Challenges, and Recent Developments
Secularism
Communalism
Regionalism: Unity, Diversity, and Inclusive Development

Physical Geography

49

Minerals: Composition, Significance, and Challenges in Mining
Hotspot & Mantle Plumes: Theories, Landforms, Formation and Significance
Protectors of the Sky: How Earth’s Atmosphere Deals with Solar Radiation
Landforms and Their Evolution (Part 2)
Landforms in Progress (Part 1): The Ongoing Work of Geomorphic Agents
Evolution of the Indian Plate: From an Island to the Himalayas
Continental Drift: Earth’s Geological Evolution
Heat Budget : How Earth Manages Its Energy
Solar Radiation: Exploring Earth’s Energy Secrets
Distribution of Volcanoes: Exploring Earth’s Volcanic Hotspots and Hazards
Exploring Volcanic Landforms: Earth’s Unique Features
Tsunami: Characteristics, Causes, Impacts, and Early Warning Systems Worldwide
Lunar Eclipses (Chandra Grahan): Science, Culture, and History
Earthquake Zones: India’s Vulnerability, Preparedness, World Distribution
Natural Geysers and Hot Springs: Earth’s Dynamic Eruptions and Healing Waters
Understanding Rocks System and Geological Survey of India: Role, Categorization and Significance
Exploring Volcanoes: The Basics of Volcanicity
Indian Rock Systems: A Comprehensive Journey from Vindhyan to Anthropocene
Natural Geysers and Hot Springs: Earth’s Dynamic Eruptions and Healing Waters
Earthquake Zones: India’s Vulnerability, Preparedness, World Distribution
Earthquake’s Seismic Waves: Exploring the Dynamics, Impact, and Shadow Zones of Earthquake
Interior Of The Earth: From Crust to Core
Lunar Eclipses (Chandra Grahan): Science, Culture, and History
Solar Eclipses: Observation, Science, and Myths
Revolution of Earth: Role in Seasons and Solstices
Rotation of Earth: Impact on Day and Night, Time Zones, and Climate
Longitude: Vertical Lines Across the Globe
The Formation of Earth: Geological History and Mass Extinctions
Earth’s Latitude: Tropic of Capricorn and Beyond
The Structure of Earth – Evolution of Earth, and Emergence of Life
The Milky Way Galaxy: A Cosmos Journey through Galaxies, Dark Matter, and Gravitational Lensing
Origin Of Universe: The Big Bang Theory, Cosmic Evolution, and Potential Fates
Explore the Minor Planets (Part-2): Comets, Meteoroids, Meteorites, and Meteors
Understanding The Minor Planets (Part-1): Asteroids, Asteroid Belts, and Kuiper Belt
Planets in Solar System (Part-2): Jovian Planets, Dwarf Planets, and More
Planets in Solar System Part-1 – From Terrestrial Worlds to Gas Giants
Solar Insights: Understanding Our Sun and Its Effects
Our Solar System: A Comprehensive Exploration of Our Celestial World
Formation of Stars: Part-II – From Formation to Cosmic Remnants
Formation of Stars Part-I: From Cosmic Clouds to Shining Stars
GEOGRAPHY
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Basics of Geography
Geomorphology: Earth’s Structure, Tectonics, and Landforms
Geomorphic Processes: Types of mountains, Movements, & Erosion
Geographical Phenomenon: Volcanism, Earthquake, Tsunami
OCEANOGRPAHY
Climatology: Structure of Atmosphere, Weather Patterns, & Temperature
Types of Climate: Characteristics of Equatorial, Tropical Monsoon Regions

Human & Economic Geography

11

HUMAN & ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Population in India: Demographic Trends, Growth Rates, and Socioeconomic Impacts
India and Migration: Dynamics, Challenges, and Government Initiatives
Human Development: Insights, Inequalities, and Global Perspectives on Well-being Enhancement
Human Settlement: Types, Patterns, and Challenges in Rural and Urban Areas
Land Resources: Management, Mapping & Nurturing India’s Vital Assets
Agricultural Development: Enhancing Productivity with Land, Finance, Seeds, Water
Livestock And Fisheries: Challenges, Initiatives, and Opportunities
Water Resources: Challenges, Management, & Traditional Conservation in India
Minerals and Energy Resources of India: Distribution, Government Measures & Challenge
Manufacturing Industries In India: Classifications, Location & Economic Significance

Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

8

ETHICS
Ethics and Human Interface: Components, Values, and Morals
Attitude: Definition, Feature, Structure and Function in Human Behaviour
Aptitude And Foundational Values For Civil Services: History, Evolution & Challenge
Emotional Intelligence: Definition, Importance, and Practical Applications
Moral Thinkers & Philosophers From India & World: Gandhi, Marx, Plato, Socrates
Civil Service Values, and Ethics in Public Administration: Accountability, Governance
Probity In Governance

आपदा एवं इसका प्रबंधन

1

आपदा एवं इसका प्रबंधन

स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत

8

स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत
राष्ट्र निर्माण प्रक्रिया और इसकी चुनौतियां
उपनिवेशवाद से स्वतंत्रता की ओर
भारत की विदेश नीति
आर्थिक विकास
स्वतंत्रता के बाद के इतिहास में महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दे
क्षेत्रीय असंतोष
भारत में लोकप्रिय आंदोलन / कार्यक्रम

भारत का भूगोल

10

अध्ययन सामग्री
भारत का भूगोल
भारत के भूआकृति विज्ञान की बुनियाद
उत्तरी मैदान
प्रायद्वीपीय भारत
भारत का अपवाह तंत्र
भारतीय मौसम- ऋतु
भारतीय जलवायु
भारत की मिट्टी
वनस्पतियां

भारत की राजव्यवस्था

32

भारत की राजव्यवस्था
संविधान का निर्माण (उड़ान)
संविधान की प्रमुख विशेषताएं (उड़ान)
संघ एवं इसका क्षेत्र (उड़ान)
नागरिकता (उड़ान)
मूल अधिकार (उड़ान)
राज्य के नीति-निदेशक तत्व (उड़ान)
मूल कर्तव्य (उड़ान)
संविधान की मूल संरचना सिद्धांत (उड़ान)
संविधान संशोधन (उड़ान)
संसदीय प्रणाली (उड़ान)
केंद्र राज्य संबंध (उड़ान)
अंतर्राज्यीय संबंध (उड़ान)
आपातकालीन प्रावधान (उड़ान)
राष्ट्रपति और राज्यपाल (उड़ान)
उपराष्ट्रपति ( VICE-PRESIDENT) (उड़ान)
प्रधानमंत्री और मुख्यमंत्री (उड़ान)
केन्द्र (भाग V) और राज्य मंत्रीपरिषद (भाग VI) (उड़ान)
संसद (उड़ान)
संसदीय समितियाँ (उड़ान)
उच्चतम न्यायालय (उड़ान)
उच्च न्यायालय (उड़ान)
अधीनस्थ न्यायालय (भाग VI; अनुच्छेद 233-237) (उड़ान)
अधिकरण (ट्रिब्यूनल) (उड़ान)
राज्य विधानमंडल: भाग VI- अनुच्छेद168 से 212 (उड़ान)
स्थानीय स्वशासन: पंचायत और नगरपालिकाएँ (उड़ान)
अनुसूचित और जनजातीय क्षेत्र (उड़ान)
कुछ राज्यों के लिए विशेष प्रावधान (उड़ान)
संवैधानिक निकाय (उड़ान)
गैर- संवैधानिक निकाय (उड़ान)
सहकारी समितियाँ (उड़ान)
दल परिवर्तन/दल बदल कानून (उड़ान)

अन्य

57

QUICK REVISION
Functions of Parliament(Part-V) in Indian Constitution
IMPORTANT INDEXES AND REPORTS
National Emergency Provisions: Safeguarding India’s Unity, Security, and Democracy
Journey of Constituent Assembly and Making of Constitution
FEATURES OF THE CONSTITUTION: SIGNIFICANCE, STRUCTURE, AND EVOLUTION
UNDERSTANDING INDIA’S CONSTITUTION: PRINCIPLES & PREAMBLE OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION
UNDERSTANDING INDIAN CITIZENSHIP: RIGHTS, ACQUISITION, LOSS
UNDERSTANDING INDIA’S TERRITORIES: STATES VS. UNION TERRITORIES
Directive Principles Of State Policy: Definition, Balancing Rights, And Constitutional Significance
FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES: UNDERSTANDING INDIA’S VALUES & RESPONSIBILITIES
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION PROCESS: UNDERSTANDING CHANGES
ESSENCE OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION: BASIC STRUCTURE DOCTRINE UNBOUND
INDIA’S GOVERNANCE: CENTER STATE RELATIONS & FISCAL FRAMEWORK
INDIA’S VICE PRESIDENT: ELECTION, ROLE & POWERS
PRIME MINISTER VS CHIEF MINISTER: POWERS, APPOINTMENT, AND FUNCTIONS
CENTRAL & STATE COUNCIL OF MINISTER: ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES
KEY PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE AND CABINET COMMITTEES IN INDIA: ROLES AND FUNCTIONS
PRESIDENT AND GOVERNOR: ROLES, POWERS, & RESPONSIBILITIES
JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN STATES: SUBORDINATE COURT, JUDGES, AND LEGAL AID FOR JUSTICE
SUPREME COURT: STRUCTURE, APPOINTMENT, JURISDICTION, AND POWERS EXPLAINED
HIGH COURTS IN INDIA: FUNCTIONS AND POWERS
TRIBUNALS IN INDIA: Structure, Power & Function
STATE LEGISLATURE: COMPOSITION, POWERS, AND PROCEDURES
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNANCE IN INDIA: PANCHAYATS & MUNICIPALITIES OVERVIEW
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS (UDAAN)
SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR SOME STATES (UDAAN)
Co-Operative Society: Constitutional Rights, Provision & Regulations
CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES
Anti-Defection Law in India: Provisions, Amendments and Implications
Non-Constitutional Bodies in India: Functions and Structure
INDIAN POLITY (UDAAN)
India’s Industrial Landscape: Policies, Practices and Progress
Economic Growth: Policy Challenges and Opportunities
Economic Planning in India from National Committees to NITI Aayog
Service Sector in India: Catalysts, Trends and Policy Initiatives
Inflation: Causes, Types, Measurement and Policy Responses
Money Market: Instruments, Functions and Operations
Indian Insurance Market: Principles, History and Regulatory Framework
Constitutional Governance of Scheduled areas and Tribal areas in India
INDIAN ECONOMY (UDAAN)
Taxation in India: Systems, Evolution and Impact
Public Finance in India: Components, Objectives and Fiscal Policies
India’s External Sector: Policies, Practices and Implications
Security Market in India: Markets, Instruments and Investment Strategies
Human Development, Sustainability and Global Prosperity
Inter-State Relations in India: Constitution, Cooperation and Conflict Resolution
Environment (UDAAN)
Ecosystem: Components, Functions and Interactions
Untitled
Key Concepts in Economics: Trickle-Down Effect to Currency Wars
Environmental Governance in India: Key Bodies and Functions
Environmental Laws, Policies, and Regulatory Bodies in India
Climate Change: Causes, Impacts and Solutions
Environment & Ecology: Concepts, Levels and Biogeographic Realms
Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects and Solutions
UDAAN SERIES: UPDATES

Modern History

178

Muhammad Ali Jinnah: The Architect of Pakistan and the Visionary Leader
Bhagat Singh: The Revolutionary Icon of India’s Freedom Struggle
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: The Iron Man and Architect of Modern India
Dadabhai Naoroji: The Grand Old Man of India’s Freedom Struggle
Subhas Chandra Bose: The Visionary Leader of India’s Freedom Struggle
Mahatma Gandhi: Champion of Non-Violence and Indian Freedom
Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Father of Indian Unrest and Pillar of Swaraj
Rabindranath Tagore: Bard of Bengal and Visionary of Humanism
Rabindranath Tagore: Bard of Bengal and Visionary of Humanism
Raja Rammohan Roy: Father of the Indian Renaissance and Social Reformer
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and the Upliftment of Marginalized Communities in India
Lower Caste Movements in Colonial India: Struggles for Equality and Social Justice
Women Freedom Fighters of Modern India and Their Role in Independence
Legislative Reforms for Women’s Rights in Colonial India
Women’s Organizations and Their Role in India’s Struggle for Gender Equality
Women’s Movements in Colonial India: Struggles for Equality and Reform
Labour Conspiracy and Trade Union Movements in Colonial India
Political Consciousness and Labor Movement in Colonial India
The Working Class Movement in Colonial India: Struggles and Reforms
Tribal Movements in Mainland India Before 1857
Tribal Movements in Colonial India: Struggles for Land, Identity and Autonomy
Peasant Struggles of 20th Century: Key Movements and Their Impact on India’s Freedom Fight (Part-02)
Peasant Movements of the 20th Century: Struggles for Justice and Independence – (Part 1)
Peasant Movements in Colonial India: Struggles Against Exploitation and Colonial Oppression
Peasants and Tribal Movements in Colonial India: Resistance and Struggle for Rights
Expressions of Freedom: Art and Literature in Colonial India – (Part 02)
Literary and Artistic Movements in Modern India: Part 01
Famine in Colonial India: Policies, Causes and Lasting Impacts
Development of Education in Colonial India: Policies, Reforms and Impact
Colonial Education in India: Evolution under the British East India Company
Press Regulation in India: From Colonial Censorship to Post-Independence Freedom
Press Censorship and Repression During the Extremist Phase of India’s Freedom Struggle
The Role of Nationalist Newspapers and the Vernacular Press Act in India’s Freedom Struggle
Evolution of Indian Press: From Hickey’s Gazette to the Registration Act, 1867
Social and Cultural Transformation in Colonial India: From Non-Interference to Modernization
British Colonial Policies: Impact on Indian Society and Governance
Economic Challenges and Industrial Growth in Colonial India
Nationalist Critique of Colonial Economy: Understanding British Exploitation in India
Impact of British Rule on Indian Agriculture and Industry: Transformation and Legacy – (Part 02)