Terrestrial Ecosystems: Types, Environmental Factors & Ecological Significance

Terrestrial Ecosystems: Land-Based Ecological Communities

 A terrestrial ecosystem is a distinct ecological community of organisms, both living and nonliving, that inhabit and interact within a land-based environment. These ecosystems encompass a vast range of terrestrial habitats, from lush forests and expansive grasslands to arid deserts and frozen tundras. 

Terrestrial Ecosystems: Types on Earth

These ecosystems are predominantly found on land

Following diagram depicts the different types of terrestrial ecosystems.

Environmental Factors That Shape Terrestrial Ecosystems Around the Globe

• They are found in a particular place are dependent on factors like:
• Topography
• Altitudinal and latitudinal variations
• Quality of soil 
• Amount of light
• Amount of precipitation 
• Temperature range etc.
• Topography: It is the physical features of the land’s surface which has a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems.
  • Altitude: Higher altitudes are associated with cooler temperatures. They lead to the formation of alpine ecosystems.
  • Slope: The steepness of slopes can affect water drainage, soil erosion, and the types of vegetation that can grow.
    • Aspect (Orientation): The direction a slope influences its exposure to sunlight and temperature. This can create microclimates and influence the types of plants and animals present.
    • Valleys: Valleys generally have more fertile soil, thus supporting lush vegetation compared to the surrounding hills or mountains.
    • Natural Barriers: Mountains, hills, and other topographic barriers can isolate ecosystems, leading to the development of unique flora and fauna in different regions.

• Altitudinal and Latitudinal Variations: They have significant effects on terrestrial ecosystems.
  • Altitude: Increase in altitude leads to generally decrease in temperatures. This temperature gradient influences the types of ecosystems found at different elevations.
  • Latitude: Latitudinal variations primarily influence temperature and climate.
  • Near the equator, tropical ecosystems experience consistently warm temperatures and high rainfall, while closer to the poles, temperate and polar ecosystems  have colder temperatures.
• Quality of Soil: Soil has a profound impact on ecosystem structure, function, and health. 
  • Soil serves as a reservoir for essential nutrients.
  • Soil provides physical support and anchorage for plants.
• Amount of precipitation: Precipitation has a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. 
  • Precipitation influences various aspects of ecosystems, including plant growth, animal behavior, and overall ecosystem structure. 
• Temperature range: Temperature is a critical abiotic factor that has a profound effect on the ecosystem’s structure, function, and the organisms that inhabit it.
  • Species locality: Different species have varying temperature tolerances, and the temperature range dictates which species can thrive in a particular area. 
  • For example: Cold-adapted species are found in polar regions, while heat-tolerant species inhabit tropical ecosystems.

Conclusion

• They are dynamic and diverse environments that cover the Earth’s surfaces. 

They play a vital role in supporting life on our planet and offer numerous ecosystem services, including food production, carbon sequestration, water purification, and recreational opportunities.

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